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The Frechet derivative of the cost function is determined via the solution of an adjoint partial differential equation, and the boundary shape is then modified in a direction of descent. This process is repeated until an optimum solution is approached. The advantage is that the cost function variation is independent of the flow field variation, with the result that the gradient of cost function with respect to arbitrary number of design variables can be determined without the need for additional flow-field evaluations. So each design cycle requires the numerical solution of both the flow and the adjoint equations leading to a computational cost roughly equal to the cost of two flow solutions.

虽然他们的研究成果大多数都可以在公开性文献上看到，但是其中一些具体的细节问题的处理方法却没有透露，比如：伴随方程如何离散求解才能减小最终梯度计算中的误差，使得设计过程有效地进行；伴随方程与流动方程的边界条件是不同的，如何合理地处理伴随方程的边界条件，才能推动设计过程朝着设计目标而发展；在减阻问题中目标函数如何定义，求解梯度的具体数学公式如何推导，如何通过数值方法来实现它们等。

Definite economic explanations to spatial adjoint function and control variables are presented.

并对空间伴随函数和控制变量给出了明确的经济学解释。

And an optimal operation strategy of any kind of products subject to spoilage at any time is obtained on the basis of the proposition of the model of distributed parameter control systems. Moreover, definite economic explanations to spatial adjoint function and control variables are presented.

通过建立可变质产品的最优经营管理的分布参数控制系统模型，得出了零售企业每个瞬间每种可变质产品的最优经营管理策略，并对空间伴随函数和控制变量给出了明确的经济学解释。

Finally, a hospital viscosity of plasma diagnostic system is optimized by adjoint matrix method and M-P generalized inverse matrix method of MTS. The results show that adjoint matrix method can't select effective variables and M-P generalized inverse matrix method is robust.

最后，利用马氏田口伴随矩阵法和M-P广义逆矩阵法对某医院现阶段血粘度诊断系统进行优化，说明伴随矩阵法在选择有效变量时存在的问题和M-P广义逆矩阵法的稳健性。

It is usually advantageous to use variables which have physical significance and, if possible, can be measured.

通常最好是选择有物理意义的变量，如果有可能，最好是可以测量的。

ADX debugger in the use of the process and how to set up breakpoint in the observation of variables, each familiar with the function keys.

在运用ADX调试器时如何设置中断点和观察变量，熟悉每个功能键。

The influence of the affective variables in language teaching has been acknowledged by experts both at home and abroad.

情感因素在教学中的作用已得到各国学者们的认同。

Introducing the affixation variables instead of solving non linear equation, we can make use of several corresponding points on the object and obtain a group of linear equations.

通过引入了中间变量，以避免求解非线性方程，在物体上选择多个特征点，可以得到一个线性方程组。

For the aim of saving energy and optimizing control of chilled systems, the performance of VWV systems and characteristics of control systems were analyzed based on the simulation. According to the characteristic of the monitored parameters and controlled variables in VWV systems, three online optimal control strategies were proposed and validated:(1) Optimal strategy for on/off control of chillers according to the ratio of secondary flow rate to primary flow rate.(2) Optimal strategy for the control of secondary pump according to value positions of auto-controlled AHU vales. And (3) Optimal strategy for supply chilled water temperature control of chillers according to valve positions of auto-controlled AHU valves and working status of secondary pump.

为达到节能和优化系统控制的目的，在楼宇空调水系统及其局部控制仿真分析的基础上，针对变流量系统监测点和可调参数较多的特点，提出并验证了3个实时优化控制方案：根据初级和二级冷谋水流量的比率，实时优化多台冷水机组的启／停控制；利用AHU自动控制水阀的阀位信息，实时优化二级水泵的控制；利用AHU自动控制水阀的阀位信息以及二级泵的工作状况，实时优化冷水机组出水温度的控制。

This is necessary to help banks form their marketing strategy. In this research, the EKB model is used as a conceptual framework, and the AIO lifestyle variables are used as a basis for market segmentation.

此外，从不同消费群体的角度去探讨对产品偏好上的差异，希望有助於银行业者拟定其行销策略之参考。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。