查询词典 utilitarianism

The author, by reviewing the development and eradication of corporal punishment, reckons that humanity itself is a developing concept and shall be interpreted on basis of utilitarianism and its dead line is acceptance of citizens, and inhumanity shall not be used as an excuse to abolish to abolish the death penalty.

笔者通过对肉刑的缘起与覆灭的考察，认为人道性本身就是一个发展的概念，人道性的理解必须奠基于功利的基础上，人道是以民众都能容忍为底线，死刑不能以不具有人道性作为废除的理由；同时，对死刑的废除条件和限制死刑的理由也进行了一定的分析。

Formal rationality is requirements that legal obligation itself demands, for example, universality, fairness, explicitness and compatibility, while substantial rationality means that legal obligation should conform to legal right in necessarity and adequateness, for the latter of which two criteria utilitarianism and humanitarianism are offered.

这又关涉到了法律学的基本理论问题——在法律权利和法律义务中，谁更为一般的概念。笔者通过对义务概念理论和权利概念理论的梳理，认为法律权利为更为一般的概念。包括法律义务在的其它法律概念都是以法律权利为基础展开的。因此，法律义务合理与否只能由法律权利来评定。

Criticisms of agent-neutrality can then be understood as directed against one part of classic utilitarianism that need not be adopted by every moral theory that is consequentialist.

批评的代理中立可以被理解为对一个典型的功利主义的需要，并非每一个道德是结果主义的理论，采用的组成部分，。

The theoretical foundation (Utilitarianism and Social contract theory) of Beccaria Capital Punishment Outlook found its basis on the emotional theory which leads to uncertainty between reason and unreason.

贝卡里亚以"自由、平等、博爱"的近代启蒙精神为思想基调，继承了休谟情感论的主要观点，并以功利论和社会契约论为理论根据，写作了《论犯罪与刑罚》一书，该书提出"废除死刑"的基本主张。

Functional maladjustment of higher education will do harm to all sectors of society: in the field of higher teaching, it will lead to the belittlement of students' development, the decline in the quality of talent, students' lacking of the sense of independence and criticism, and then the destruction of students' whole image and crisis of their development; in academic circles, it will result into the decline of morals, anomie of learning and deterioration of academic environment; in social sphere, it will cause rampancy of utilitarianism, loss of humanities, unequal social distribution, blocked social flow, and then limited level of development due to the shortage of developing motivation.

针对当前情况，本文认为应该从社会、政府和高等教育三者入手进行功能调适，即调节社会需求，扩大社会参与；协调政府与高等学校的关系，进行合理分权、健全宏观调控、优化资源配置；从观念、行动、资源、结构、体制、机制等方面加大高教系统自身建设，从而实现高等教育功能的优化与调适。

The exposition of Brandt's utilitarianism thought in the text was divided into four parts altogether.

本文对布兰特功利主义思想的阐述共分四个部分。

Chuang Tzu said, Baili Xi had no utilitarianism so he bred his cattle based on the cattle's interest. He didn't feed anti-bio to his cattle; he didn't inject his cattle with fatten dosage; he didn't breed them in byre.

庄子还说：「百里奚心中不具功利主义，所以，他养牛时，以牛本身的利益作为为出发点，他既不会喂它吃抗生素，也不会打催肥针，更不会将之围在兽栏里。

In my research, I will argue that utilitarianism, contrary to its critics'conception, has theoretical resources to take full account of commonsensical moral rules.

在笔者的研究中，笔者将论证，这种对於效益主义的批判乃是一种误解，效益主义事实上有理论上的资源可以解释日常道德规则。

If it provides more interests than drawbacks, genetic enhancement could be supported and could be applied. But if the drawbacks exceed benefits, genetic enhancement must be curded. Taking account of consequences is the perspective of utilitarianism, and hence a good starting for our considerations. Peter Singer, a utilitarian, and his preference utilitarianism and the principle of equal consideration is naturally the best choice for such discussions. His point of view gives weights to the preference of parents, society, and environment and puts the account of interest in genetic enhancement more in focus.

而如果要从利益的多寡来看待基因增强，则以功利主义的角度为出发点就会是相当合适的，因为功利主义在考量一件事情的可行性，就是要考量到所有受到事件影响的事物，当把全部的利益都计算进去，才能够了解这件事所带来的利益是否大於弊端，辛格是一位功利主义者，而且他还著重於每个人偏好的考量，对於地球上所有物种的利益也都平等看待，因此，以他的观点做为本篇论文的论据，在计算基因增强所带来的利弊之外，还能够更贴近每位受到基因增强影响的父母、社会、环境的偏好，将利益的计算考量的更加缜密。

But in mode-rn China,the concept of values also has serious deficiency anddefectiveness.On the part of the disputations on obligationand utilitarianism,the incompleteness on utilitarianism makesit mooching among law of utility and theory of duty.

就&义利之辩&而言，功利主义发育不完全，人们常常徘徊于功利论和道义论二者之间；并且，由于近代中国价值观在整体上是基于政治的、社会的问题所作的探讨，主要的不是为市场经济的确立所进行的阐述和辩护，因而在建构经济伦理上没有更大的作为。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。