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Leaves usually closely appressed to stem, persistent; leaf sheath open, margin sometimes scarious, apex elongate; ligule usually absent; leaf blade absent.

叶通常紧密帖伏于茎，宿存；叶鞘开放，边缘有时，先端拉长；叶舌通常无；叶片无。

Carpels 2, rarely 3-5(-10), usually ± connate; ovary superior or semi-inferior to inferior, 2- or 3-5(-10)-loculed with axile placentation, or 1-loculed with parietal placentation, rarely with apical placentation; ovules usually many, 2- to many seriate, crassinucellate or tenuinucellate, sometimes with transitional forms; integument 1- or 2-seriate; styles free or ± connate.

心皮2，很少3-5(-10)，通常多少合生；半不如下位的子房上位或，2-或3-5-10室具中轴胎座，或1室具侧膜胎座，很少具顶端placentation；通常胚珠很多，2-在很多具薄珠心的crassinucellate或，有时具过渡形式，seriate；珠被1或2 seriate；花柱离生或多少合生。

Plants with 2(or 3) nodes above 1 cm at the base; leaf blade firm or soft and withering in age; uppermost blade usually very narrow and folded, short, usually less than 1/2 as long as sheath to subequal; panicle open to densely spiciform

在基地的植株具超过1厘米2(或3)节；叶片坚定的或柔软和年龄蔑视；通常最上部的叶片很狭窄和折叠，短，通常不到1/2倍于鞘对；圆锥花序面向浓密穗状花序状 19

Cm. Culm sheaths deciduous, abaxially slightly hairy or glabrous, base of outer margin usually with a conspicuous subcircular expansion below point of attachment, apex truncate with equal sides; auricles usually inconspicuous; oral setae many, straight, 5–7 mm; ligule less than 1 mm, glabrous, margin undulate; blade reflexed, those on lower nodes of culm less than 1/2 length of sheath, those on upper nodes of culm longer.

大约落叶40 厘米竿箨的分枝，叶耳通常不明显；口头的刚毛很多，直，5-7毫米；叶舌不到1毫米，无毛，边缘波状；反折的叶片，那些在下部秆1/2段鞘，那些秆长的在上部节的不到的节。

Mature flower bud straight, basal 1/2 usually slightly inflated and angled, distal portion usually subclavate.

成熟花芽直，基部的1/2通常稍膨大和有棱，上部部分通常似棒状的。

Flowers bisexual, solitary, usually tubular-campanulate or subcylindric; pedicel usually short, articulate at or near apex.

花两性，单生，通常管状或近圆筒状；花梗通常短，在先端或近先端有节。

Ovary 6-loculed; fruit subglobose to cylindric capsules; stems usually climbing or twining; stamens usually 6 in 1 series or 12 in 2 series.

子房6室；果近球形的到圆筒状蒴果；茎通常攀援或缠绕；雄蕊通常6成1轮或12在2轮方面。

Twigs usually unarmed or few thorned, old branches often with sturdy thorns; leaf blade large, usually 7-25 cm.

小枝通常无刺或很少thorned，老枝通常具粗壮刺；叶片大，通常厘米 6 Maytenus 美登木属

Plants usually thorny; twigs thornlike, bearing leaves and flowers, or twigs with needlelike thorns; leaf blade small, usually shorter than 7 cm.

植株通常多刺；小枝刺状，着生叶和花，或小枝具刺；小的叶片，通常短于7 厘米 5 Gymnosporia 裸实属

Androgynophore usually present; filaments usually connate into a single tube; staminodes 5, tonguelike or filiform, opposite to sepals, sometimes lacking; anthers 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent.

雌雄蕊柄通常宿存；花丝通常合生成一单个的管；退化雄蕊5，舌状或者丝状，与萼片对生，有时无；花药2室，纵向开裂。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。