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In order to analyze the reason for a flawed Iraqi identity, this article delaminates the internal identity of Iraq to two levels——national and sub-national, further distinguishes familial identity, religional identity and ethnic identity on the sub-national level, and studies the relations between national and sub-national identities with looking back at the momentous events in Iraqi history, consequently finds the different influences that various of sub-national identities react on the formation of Iraqi national identity and how the discriminative internal policy intensified sub-national identities, and then builds a theoretical framework with two dimensions from upwards and downwards to explain the reason for unshaped Iraqi national identity.

为了分析伊拉克国家认同没有形成的原因，文章将伊拉克内部认同在国家和次国家两个层次上进行划分，并进一步区分了次国家认同中的家族部落、宗教派系、族群这三个认同类型，然后以国家认同和次国家认同的关系为切入点，研究了伊拉克历史上的几个重大事件，发现了各次国家认同对国家认同的形成具有不同程度的影响，其中族群认同对国家认同形成的破坏作用最大；与此同时，伊拉克前政府歧视性的内部政策强化了各次国家认同，是造成伊拉克国家认同没有形成的另一个原因，从而从上、下两个维度解释伊拉克国家认同未形成原因的理论架构。

Hegemony adheres not only on both hemispheres, but also upwards to our commonly s hared atmosphere.

霸权主义不上存在于东西半球，还存在于大气层。

Thirty miles away, shoals of squid are jetting upwards towards the surface.

30英里外的海上，大量的鱿鱼游到海面上

And the market prices that garnered much of the world's attention during 2007 and 2008 were of commodities, which lurched upwards.

此外，在2007年至2008年期间，大宗商品市场价格的节节攀升在全球引起大量关注。

The myasthenia survival condition also is striking Zhu Changqing innermost feelings, when she viewed that some children due to be taunted by the schoolmate for "curls upwards the foot" to leave school, henceforth to keep silent; more people painfully flinch in the area of study and employment. Then she made a silent decision in her heart: She cannot only consider about herself, must handle some matters for this community which including her.

肌无力者的生存状况也敲打着朱常青的内心，当看到有的孩子因为被同学嘲讽为&翘脚&哭着退学、从此不言不语，更多的人在读书、就业的一关关前痛苦地退缩，她心中默默地下了决心：不能独善其身，要为自己所属的这个群体做些事情。

The rumbling hackney-carriage drove upwards of three-quarters of a mile along this smooth roadway before it drew up against a gateway, older and more ponderous than any of those they had passed.

辚辚的出租马车沿着这平坦的林荫大道向前走了四分之三英里，便停在一个大门口了，比他们刚才经过的大门都要古老而笨重。

The room advanced upwards in a heaven of the purest clearness , outshining in her passage the twinkling light of the stars.

月亮在一尘不染的天空里慢慢地走着，一路上把闪闪的星火都熄灭了。

The moon advanced upwards in a heaven of the purest clearness, outshining in her passage the twinkling light of the stars

月亮在一尘不染的天空里慢慢地走着，一路上把闪闪的星火都熄灭了。

Downwards, where there exits light, there exist stairs. Upwards, where there exists light, there outstands crag. The ground is quite slippery because of the moisture inside the cave. Please be attentive: now we are beginning to climb up the stairs, please mind your step and be careful with the outstanding

讲解词Introduction speech：下方有灯光的地方就是有台阶的地方；上方有灯光的地方就是有岩壁突出的地方；由于洞内潮湿，所以地面较滑，请您注意；咱们开始上台阶，小心台阶和四周突出的岩壁。

Rochester: Well, then Jane, call to aid your fancy—suppose you were no longer a girl well reared and disciplined, but a wild boy indulged from childhood upwards; imagine yourself in a remote foreign land; conceive that you there commit a capital error, no matter of what nature or from what motives, but one whose consequences must follow you through life and taint all your Mind I don't say a CRIME; I am not speaking of shedding of blood or any other guilty act, which might make the perpetrator amenable to the law: my word is The results of what you have done become in time to you utterly insupportable; you take measures to obtain relief: unusual measures, but neither unlawful nor Still you are miserable; for the hope has quitted you on the very confines of life: your sun at noon darkens in an eclipse, which you feel will not leave it till the time of Bitter and base associations have become the sole food of your memory: you wander here and there, seeking rest in exile: happiness in pleasure—I mean in heartless, sensual pleasure—such as dulls intellect and blights Heart-weary and soul-withered, you come home after years of voluntary banishment: you make a new acquaintance—how or where no matter: you find in this stranger much of the good and bright qualities which you have sought for twenty years, and never before encountered; and they are all fresh, healthy, without soil and without Such society revives, regenerates; you feel better days come back—higher wishes, purer feelings; you desire to recommence your life, and to spend what remains to you of days in a way more worthy of an immortal To attain this end, are you justified in overleaping an obstacle of custom—a mere conventional impediment which neither your conscience sanctifies nor your judgement approves?

罗切斯特：&那么好吧，简，发挥你的想象力吧——设想你不再是受过精心培养和教导的姑娘，而是从幼年时代起就是一个放纵任性的男孩。-------浏览器上打上-WwW.69ΖW.CoM看最新更新想象你身处遥远的异国，假设你在那里铸成了大错，不管其性质如何，出于什么动机，它的后果殃及你一生，玷污你的生活。注意，我没有说'犯罪'，不是说流血或是其他犯罪行为，那样的话肇事者会被绳之以法，我用的字是'错误'。你行为的恶果，到头来使你绝对无法忍受。你采取措施以求获得解脱，非正常的措施，但既不是非法，也并非有罪。而你仍然感到不幸，因为希望在生活的边缘离你而去，你的太阳遇上日食，在正午就开始暗淡，你觉得不到日落不会有所改变，痛苦和卑贱的联想，成了你记忆的唯一食品。你到处游荡，在放逐中寻求安逸，在享乐中寻觅幸福——我的意思是沉湎于无情的肉欲——它销蚀才智，摧残情感。在几年的自愿放逐以后，你心力交瘁地回到了家里，结识了一位新知——何时结识，如何结识，都无关紧要。在这位陌生人身上，你看到了很多出类拔萃的品质，为它们你已经寻寻觅觅二十来年，却终不可得。这些品质新鲜健康，没有污渍，没有斑点，这种交往使人复活，催人新生。你觉得好日子又回来了——志更高，情更真。你渴望重新开始生活，以一种更配得上不朽的灵魂的方式度过余生。为了达到这个目的，你是不是有理由越过习俗的藩篱——那种既没有得到你良心的认可，也不为你的识见所赞同的、纯粹因袭的障碍？&

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。