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Polysemy is discussed from the perspective of prototype, cognitive metaphor and metonymy, discovering that a polysemic word constitutes a semantic category with its primary meaning as the prototype while other members in that category are derived from it, exhibiting a family resemblance and degrees of typicality as well, and that the extension of word meaning is mainly achieved through metonymical thinking based upon contiguity and metaphorical thinking based upon similarity.

利用原型范畴理论、认知隐喻和转喻角度分析一词多义现象，认为一个词的多个义项是从原型义项演变而来的，并且表现出不同程度的家族相似性，同时又表现出不同程度的原型义项身份；词义延伸又主要通过转喻和隐喻的认知思维结构，即转喻的邻近性和隐喻的相似性思维特征来实现。

There was a Letter of my Partner's, congratulating me very affectionately upon my being alive, giving me an Account how the Estate was improv'd, and what it produced a Year, with a Particular of the Number of Squares or Acres that it contained; how planted, how many Slaves there were upon it, and making two and twenty Crosses for Blessings, told me he had said so many Ave Marias to thank the Blessed Virgin that I was alive; inviting me very passionately to come over and take Possession of my own; and in the mean time to give him Orders to whom he should deliver my Effects, if I did not come my self; concluding with a hearty Tender of his Friendship, and that of his Family, and sent me, as a Present, seven fine Leopard's Skins, which he had it seems received from Africa, by some other Ship which he had sent thither, and who it seems had made a better Voyage than I: He sent me also five Chests of excellent Sweet-meats, and an hundred Pieces of Gold uncoin'd, not quite so large as Moidores.

他热情地邀请我去巴西收回我的产业。同时，他还要我给他指示，若我不能亲自去巴西，他应把我的财产交给什么人。在信的末尾，他又代表他本人和全家向我表示他们的深厚情谊，又送给我七张精致的豹皮作为礼物。这些豹皮是他派往非洲的另一艘船给他带回来的；他们那次航行，看来比我幸运得多了。另外，他还送了我五箱上好的蜜饯，一百枚没有铸过的金元，那些金元比葡萄牙金币略小些。

And he shall put the incense upon the fire before the LORD, that the cloud of the incense may cover the mercy seat that is upon the testimony, that he die not

16：13 在耶和华面前，把香放在火上，使香的烟云遮掩法柜上的施恩座，免得他死亡。

Sometimes I thought if digging a hole under the place where theymade their fire, and putting in five or six pounds of gunpowder,which, when they kindled their fire, would consequently take fire,and blow up all that was near it: but as, in the first place, Ishould be unwilling to waste so much powder upon them, my storebeing now within the quantity of one barrel, so neither could I besure of its going off at any certain time, when it might surprisethem; and, at best, that it would do little more than just blow thefire about their ears and fright them, but not sufficient to makethem forsake the place: so I laid it aside; and then proposed thatI would place myself in ambush in some convenient place, with mythree guns all double-loaded, and in the middle of their bloodyceremony let fly at them, when I should be sure to kill or woundperhaps two or three at every shot; and then falling in upon themwith my three pistols and my sword, I made no doubt but that, ifthere were twenty, I should kill them all.

这时，我已怒不可遏了，但还是强压心头的怒火，往回走了二十多步，来到一片矮树丛后面。靠着这片矮树丛的掩护，我一直走到那棵大树背后。那里有一片小小的高地，离那些野人大约有八十码远。我走上高地，把他们的一举一动看得清清楚楚。事情已发展到万分紧急的关头了，因为我看到有十九个野人挤在一起坐在地上，他们派出另外两个野人去宰杀那可怜的基督徒。看来，他们是要肢解他，一条胳膊一条腿地拿到火上去烤。我看到那两个野人这时已弯下腰，解着那白人脚上绑的东西。我转头对星期五说：&听我的命令行动。&星期五说他一定照办。我就说：&好吧，星期五，你看我怎么办就怎么办，不要误事。&于是，我把一支短枪和一支乌枪放在地下，星期五也跟着把他的一支鸟枪和一支短枪放在地下。我用剩下的一支短枪向那些野人瞄准，并叫星期五也用枪向他们瞄准。然后，我问星期五是否准备好了，他说：&好了。&

Upon proof being made, at any hearing on a complaint under this section, that there has been discrimination in price or services or facilities furnished, the burden of rebutting the prima-facie case thus made by showing justification shall be upon the person charged with a violation of this section, and unless justification shall be affirmatively shown, the Commission is authorized to issue an order terminating the discrimination: Provided, however, That nothing herein contained shall prevent a seller rebutting the prima-facie case thus made by showing that his lower price or the furnishing of services or facilities to any purchaser or purchasers was made in good faith to meet an equally low price of a competitor, or the services or facilities furnished by a competitor.

在对依据本节提起的价格歧视诉状或已完成的劳务、设施歧视诉状审理中，根据歧视的公正性证据对初步立案进行辩驳的责任，在被诉违反本节的一方，除非歧视的公正性得以充分说明，否则，将授权委员会发布中止歧视令。本规定并不限制卖者通过证明，他的低价或劳务及设施的提供是以良好信誉，平等地同竞争者的低价，或由竞争者提供的劳务、设施相适应，来对初步立案加以辩驳。

The incorporeal one said: This is the first-created Adam who is in such glory, and he looks upon the world because all are born from him, and when he sees many souls going through the narrow gate, then he arises and sits upon his throne rejoicing and exulting in joy, because this narrow gate is that of the just, that leads to life, and they that enter through it go into Paradise.

该无形资产的人说：这是首次用泥土创造的人是在这样的荣耀，他期待经世界，因为所有人生而从他的，当他看到许多心灵经历窄门口，然后他的时候，坐在他的后王座弹冠相庆exulting在喜悦的，因为这种狭隘的1689年，即公正，从而导致生命，他们认为，进入通过它进入天堂。

As the flakes that fall thick upon a winter's day, when Jove is minded to snow and to display these his arrows to mankind- he lulls the wind to rest, and snows hour after hour till he has buried the tops of the high mountains, the headlands that jut into the sea, the grassy plains, and the tilled fields of men; the snow lies deep upon the forelands, and havens of the grey sea, but the waves as they come rolling in stay it that it can come no further, though all else is wrapped as with a mantle so heavy are the heavens with snow- even thus thickly did the stones fall on one side and on the other, some thrown at the Trojans, and some by the Trojans at the Achaeans; and the whole wall was in an uproar.

像冬日里的一场大雪，下得纷纷扬扬，密密匝匝――其时，统治世界的宙斯卷来飞落的雪花，对凡人显耀攻战的声势。他罢息风力，一个劲地猛下雪片，覆盖了山岳中迭起的峰峦和突兀的岩壁，覆盖了多草的低地和农人精耕的良田，飘落在灰蓝的海波里，遍洒在港湾和滩沿上，只有汹涌的长浪可以冲破它的封围，其余的一切全被蒙罩在白帐下，顶着宙斯卷来的大雪的压挤。就像这样，双方扔出的石块既多且密，有的飞向特洛伊人，还有的出自特洛伊人之手，扔向阿开亚人，整道护墙发出震耳欲聋的巨响。

He was perusing the bulletins of the grand army, those heroic strophes penned on the field of battle; there, at intervals, he beheld his father's name, always the name of the Emperor; the whole of that great Empire presented itself to him; he felt a flood swelling and rising within him; it seemed to him at moments that his father passed close to him like a breath, and whispered in his ear; he gradually got into a singular state; he thought that he heard drums, cannon, trumpets, the measured tread of battalions, the dull and distant gallop of the cavalry; from time to time, his eyes were raised heavenward, and gazed upon the colossal constellations as they gleamed in the measureless depths of space, then they fell upon his book once more, and there they beheld other colossal things moving confusedly.

有天晚上，他独自待在屋顶下的那间卧室里。他燃起了烛，推开了窗，两肘倚在窗前的桌子上，从事阅读。

Then, the crowds for ever passing and repassing on the bridges (on those which are free of toil at last), where many stop on fine evenings looking listlessly down upon the water with some vague idea that by and by it runs between green banks which grow wider and wider until at last it joins the broad vast sea--where some halt to rest from heavy loads and think as they look over the parapet that to smoke and lounge away one's life, and lie sleeping in the sun upon a hot tarpaulin, in a dull, slow, sluggish barge, must be happiness unalloyed--and where some, and a very different class, pause with heaver loads than they, remembering to have heard or read in old time that drowning was not a hard death, but of all means of suicide the easiest and best.

同为一桥，盖免税之桥，众人过之，情形迥异。有人凭栏怅望，恨滔滔流水，碧草夹岸，终成江海，逝者如斯夫；至若苦旅之人，稍得停驻，遐想乘舟一叶，随波逐流，睡热毯，抽烟斗，逍遥快活，此乐何极？亦有相反之阶层者，不堪重负，万念俱灰，犹忆旧时之言，溺水而亡，为简便易行之解脱。可能会有人说这是火星文，看不懂。不过我觉得，也只有中国的古文，才配得上一百多年前大师的行文风格。呵呵。今天先到这里了，以后写作之余，还会继续翻译下去，若能译完，也是一件美事哈！

I sometimes dream of a larger and more populous house, standing in a golden age, of enduring materials, and without gingerbread work, which shall still consist of only one room, a vast, rude,substantial, primitive hall, without ceiling or plastering, with bare rafters and purlins supporting a sort of lower heaven over one's head —— useful to keep off rain and snow, where the king and queen posts stand out to receive your homage, when you have done reverence to the prostrate Saturn of an older dynasty on stepping over the sill; a cavernous house, wherein you must reach up a torch upon a pole to see the roof; where some may live in the fireplace,some in the recess of a window, and some on settles, some at one end of the hall, some at another, and some aloft on rafters with the spiders, if they choose; a house which you have got into when you have opened the outside door, and the ceremony is over; where the weary traveller may wash, and eat, and converse, and sleep, without further journey; such a shelter as you would be glad to reach in a tempestuous night, containing all the essentials of a house, and nothing for house-keeping; where you can see all the treasures of the house at one view, and everything hangs upon its peg, that a man should use; at once kitchen, pantry, parlor, chamber, storehouse,and garret; where you can see so necessary a thing, as a barrel or a ladder, so convenient a thing as a cupboard, and hear the pot boil,and pay your respects to the fire that cooks your dinner, and the oven that bakes your bread, and the necessary furniture and utensils are the chief ornaments; where the washing is not put out, nor the fire, nor the mistress, and perhaps you are sometimes requested to move from off the trap-door, when the cook would descend into the cellar, and so learn whether the ground is solid or hollow beneath you without stamping.

我有时梦见了一座较大的容得很多人的房屋，矗立在神话中的黄金时代中，材料耐用持久，屋顶上也没有华而不实的装饰，可是它只包括一个房间，一个阔大、简朴、实用而具有原始风味的厅堂，没有天花板没有灰浆，只有光光的椽木和桁条，支撑着头顶上的较低的天，——却尽足以抵御雨雪了，在那里，在你进门向一个古代的俯卧的农神致敬之后，你看到衍架中柱和双柱架在接受你的致敬；一个空洞洞的房间，你必须把火炬装在一根长竿顶端方能看到屋顶，而在那里，有人可以住在炉边，有人可以往在窗口凹处，有人在高背长椅上，有人在大厅一端，有人在另一端，有人，如果他们中意，可以和蜘蛛一起住在椽木上：这屋子，你一打开大门就到了里边，不必再拘泥形迹；在那里，疲倦的旅客可以洗尘、吃喝、谈天、睡觉，不须继续旅行，正是在暴风雨之夜你愿意到达的一间房屋，一切应有尽有，又无管理家务之烦；在那里，你一眼可以望尽屋中一切财富，而凡是人所需要的都挂在木钉上；同时是厨房，伙食房，客厅，卧室，栈房和阁楼；在那里你可以看见木桶和梯子之类的有用的东西和碗橱之类的便利的设备，你听到壶里的水沸腾了，你能向煮你的饭菜的火焰和焙你的面包的炉子致敬，而必需的家具与用具是主要的装饰品；在那里，洗涤物不必晒在外面，炉火不熄，女主人也不会生气，也许有时要你移动一下，让厨子从地板门里走下地窖去，而你不用蹬脚就可以知道你的脚下是虚是实。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。