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By calculating the equivalent loading,the process of strength degradation under random loading was transformed into a process under the deterministic loading,and the relationship between reliability andtimes of loading action was obtained.Besides,the time-dependent reliability models under multi-loadings were established by analyzing the relationship between action times of different loadings and time.

该模型通过计算当量载荷，将随机载荷作用下的强度退化过程等效为确定性载荷作用下的退化过程，得到零件可靠度与载荷作用次数的关系，在此基础上，通过分析不同载荷出现次数与时间的关系，得到多个载荷共同作用下零件可靠度随时间的变化规律。

The rheological character of a polymer often appears as shear-thinning. Most polymers behaviour in a solution can be explained by the polymer chain or hard sphere theory. Other than that, shear-thickening polymer solution also exists. Its behavior can be explained by dilatant theory, which suggests that the shear-thickening of the solution is due to the swelling of the polymer particles. This phenomenon often occurs in suspension or emulsion. Solution exhibits a mixed behavior can also be found whose behavior is such that shear-thinning occurs under low shear force and shear-thickening occurs under high shear force. Under this circumstance, the viscosity versus shear force graph exhibits a spoon shaped curve. The rheological study can be applied to the dispersion of paint which can predict the dispersion effect of various polymer materials in solution.

中文摘要一般高分子聚合物溶液的流变行为多半呈现剪稀(shear-thinning)的现象，而大部分的高分子在溶液中的行为是以分子链或是硬球观点来解释，另外也有剪稠(shear-thickening)现象的高分子溶液，其流变行为则是以膨胀体观点来解释，即在高剪切力下，由於高分子团体积变大而使溶液黏度升高，这在悬伏液、乳液等常见；但也有在低剪切力下，溶液具有剪稀的行为，而在高剪切力下却成现剪稠的行为，在黏度对剪切力作图时，会呈现出一个勾形曲线的图形；流变行为的探讨可应用在涂布材料的分散技术上，以推测不同的高分子溶液对分散效果的影响。

While under natural low temperature (10-20℃), a great deal of abnormalities, including micro nucleoli, scattered and lagged chromosomes and anaphase bridges were detected during PMC meiosis, even though the abnormalities were different between the two cultivars; the ratio of micro nucleoli was 22.88% of average, which was obviously higher than that of control (4.56% of average under normal temperature); and the ratios of univalent and multivalent in diplotene, which increased seriously, were 8.82% and 17.65% of Tainong 1, and 14.52% and 24.19% of Irwin under natural low temperatures.

低温（10~20℃）条件下，减数分裂过程中核仁的行为发生大量异常，微核仁的平均检出率高达22.88%，明显高于常温条件下的平均4.56%；双线期单价体和多价体的发生频率有明显增加，其中台农1号为8.82%和17.65%，Irwin为14.52%和24.19%；减数分裂中期Ⅰ、Ⅱ及后期Ⅰ、Ⅱ均观察到落后染色体，其中台农1号异常率为12.73%、5.63%、15.79%和4.76%，Irwin为11.11%、7.61%、9.52和6.38%。

Article 55 Whoever, in violation of the provisions of the first paragraph or the second paragraph of Article 35 of this Law, conducts test of pollution by motor-driven vehicle or vessel's exhaust fume without authorization of the administrative departments of environmental protection under the people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government or the authorization of the departments of communications, fishery or other competent authorities exercising supervisory and administrative power according to law, or practices fraud in the test, he/she shall be ordered to stop the illegal act, make rectification within a time limit and may concurrently be imposed upon a fine of not more than 50,000 yuan by the administrative department of environmental protection under the people's government at or above the county level or the departments of communications, fishery exercising the power of supervision and management according to law

第五十五条违反本法第三十五条第一款或者第二款规定，未取得所在地省、自治区、直辖市人民政府环境保护行政主管部门或者交通、渔政等依法行使监督管理权的部门的委托进行机动车船排气污染检测的，或者在检测中弄虚作假的，由县级以上人民政府环境保护行政主管部门或者交通、渔政等依法行使监督管理权的部门责令停止违法行为，限期改正，可以处五万元以下罚款

Beijingensis under three droughttreatments, normal, moderate and severe stresses. The results showed:(1) the canker disease ofboth cultivars was serious gradually with increased drought;(2) the bark tissue cells sufferedplasmolysis, more evident with the severity of drought stress;(3) under the drought andinoculation with B. dothidea, cells of two cultivars damaged at different degree, mailyrepresented in the changes of organelles, such as chloroplast swollen and distorted, number ofmitochondria increased and membrane system indistinct; then organelles suffered furtherdamagement with inoculation time, thinned mitochondrias stroma, decreased cristae, crumpledand partly broken membrane of chloroplasts with stroma exosmosis. At last, the chloroplastspartly disorganized;(4) the hyphae growed mainly intercellular in resistant cultivar and notonly intercellular but also intracellular in susceptible cultivar, which directly caused thenecrosis of cells;(5) under the severe drought, the damage of cells enhanced the infection ofpathogen and drought and pathogen stressed together and promoted the disease development;the damage from pathogen on cells was more serious than that from drought.

结果显示：(1)随着干旱胁迫程度的增加，2种杨树溃疡病害发生渐趋严重；(2)干旱胁迫下，杨树树皮组织细胞发生质壁分离，并随胁迫程度的增加而严重；(3)干旱胁迫下接种病原菌，2种杨树细胞发生不同程度的损伤，主要表现为细胞器发生较大变化，如出现叶绿体肿胀变形、线粒体数量增多，质膜模糊不清等现象；随接种时间的延长，细胞器受到进一步损伤，叶绿体被膜折皱，严重时局部破裂，基质外渗，并部分最终解体；(4)毛白杨中的菌丝主要在细胞间隙中穿行，而北京杨的菌丝除在细胞间隙中生长之外，侵入细胞内部也较多，直接导致细胞的解体；(5)干旱胁迫下细胞的损伤促进了病原菌的侵染，干旱和病原菌的双重胁迫加剧了病害的发生程度，并且病原菌侵染对细胞的破坏程度大于水分胁迫。

The result showed that:①the pollen germinability was going down following the falling of FT and GT,pollen germination rate is above 48% under normal GT24℃,about 30% under GT15℃,the germination rate under GT9℃ is fearfully low,approaching zero,all the influence of FT and GT is highly significant,but,the effect of the GT is bigger,the interac...

不同的FT和GT组合下，自交系间花粉的发芽率除FT15℃/GT24℃下差异不显著，其他FT(15℃、12℃、9℃)和GT(24℃、18℃、15℃、12℃、9℃)的各组合温度下，都达到了极显著差异。

The paper fristly compared the fertile soil with the incinerated sterile soil on the number of micro-algae , soil pH value , soil organic matter soil available phosphorus and soil nitrogen.And then, the author put fertile soil, which included micro-algae, proportionally into sterile samples and cultivated them respectively under illumination condition (micro-algae can live and reproduce)and dark condition(micro-algae will die in some time).The above indices were measured in 0, 30, 60 and 90days respectively, The analyse of the interrelation between the change of micro-algae"s number and the changes of soil pH value, soil organic matter, soil available phosphorus and soil nitrogen indicated:Soil micro-algae which were native to fertile soil conld adapt to the changed circumstance and light acted as a decisive role to the distribution of soil micro-algae.Under dark condition,the micro-algae"s number declined gradually and went to zero in the end,while under illumination condition ,on the 90th day, the micro-algaes number of per gramme was 6-7 times more than that of the beginning.

本文首先对肥沃土壤与经高温焚烧后的贫瘠土壤中的微藻数量、土壤pH值、有机质含量、有效磷含量和全氮量进行比较研究，然后将包含微藻的绿化苗圃地肥土按不同比例接种进入贫瘠土样中，分别在光照条件和黑暗条件下进行培养，在0天、30天、60天和90天分别检测以上指标，比较有光条件和无光条件下，即有藻条件和无藻条件下贫瘠土样所发生的变化，并分别对微藻数量的变化与土壤pH值、有机质含量、有效磷含量和全氮量的变化之间做相关性分析，以评估肥沃土壤中的微藻接种进入贫瘠土壤后的生长情况以及对贫瘠土壤的改良作用。

In this dissertation, digital lock-in detection techniques under integer period sampling and non-integer period sampling are separately investigated (1) Under integer period sampling, digital signal sequence is acquired through sampling the measured signal, but digital reference sequence is acquired through mathematical operation, then digital lock-in detection can be realized by calculating crosscorrelation function of digital signal sequence and digital reference sequence Harmonic measure is also analyzed, and a method of measuring harmonic of a periodic signal under aliasing is put forward.

本文对使用采样ADC把模拟信号转换为数字信号并通过计算数字信号的相关函数来实现锁定检测的技术进行了研究，在此基础上设计了一个多功能的数字LIA并在一些科学实验中进行了应用。本文对整周期采样和非整周期采样时的数字锁定检测技术分别进行了研究。(1)在整周期采样时，对被测信号进行采样得到信号序列，而参考序列由数学运算得到，通过计算信号序列和参考序列的互相关函数就可实现锁定检测。

The hierarchical structure of the retrieval strategy is analyzed to reach the real-time and retrieval accuracy requirement. A trademark image database system under hierarchical scheme is implemented: the string-matching method is first used to reduce the image search scope under man-machine interaction, then smallest enclosed rectangle and Hausdorff distance metric are used to measure the similarity between trademarks under image region normalization and transform invariance.

2分析了层次结构的检索策略以解决图象检索的实时性要求和准确性要求，并实现了一具体商标库检索系统的层次检索方法，在人机交互方式下，用字符串匹配方法减少图象搜索范围；在图象区域规格化下，用最小约束距和Hausdorff距离度量商标相似性，并实现了变换不变性。

If it were a shame for the woman to be under the headship of her husband, like feminist thinking says it is, then by the same token, it would be a shame for man to be under the headship of Christ and for Christ to be under the headship of God.

如果女人有丈夫作头是一件羞耻的事，像女权主义者所认为的那样，那么同样的，男人以基督作头，基督以神作头，也是羞耻的事。

Through comparing with the results by simulation to study the effects of theprojectile"s final velocity, the angle of rotation and the ballistic trajectory"s migration withdifferent projectile"s rotating speeds, different target"s moving speeds and differentpenetration angles.

通过比较数值模拟的结果来研究不同弹头转速、目标速度、侵彻角对侵彻过程中弹头最终速度、翻转角度和弹道偏移的影响。

I love stationery and all the accoutrement of writing.

我爱文具以及所有的书写的工具装备。