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The basic approach of protecting people from being hurt or killed in an accident is to improve crashworthiness of vehicles. This paper starts with discussing theories and methods for vehicle passive safety design, which included experiential methods, analytic methods, multi-body dynamics methods, crash test methods and the finite element method. Emphasis will be paid to the basic FEM theories and algorithms of impact problems. Topics discussed include the governing equation, element discretization, hourglass control, time integration, material model, shell element algorithms and contact-impact algorithms. For more reliable simulation results, this paper then conducts study on how to accurately get material model parameters by combining the FEM method with experimental method, and develops relevant material test machine and parameter calculating software. Based on that, basic typical impact simulation and test validation study are conducted. On the basis of the above work, the paper studies the thin-shell structures'crashworthiness, which was affected by the following factors: spot-weld features, shell thickness, cross-section and pre-deformation. As to vehicle parts'crashworthiness, the paper conducts simulation study of designing energy-absorbing steering system and adaptive airbag system. A practical energy-absorbing steering wheel is designed as an example. In further depth research, the paper suggests several inverse quantificational methods for vehicle crashworthiness design based on the ideal crash characteristics. The above theories and methods are applied with good results through several practical vehicles' crashworthiness design and improvement.

文中对汽车碰撞安全性的设计理论和方法进行了归类和总结，其中包括经验法、解析法、多刚体动力学法、试验法以及有限元方法等；重点介绍了碰撞有限元法的基本理论和有关算法，涉及到有限元求解控制方程、单元离散、沙漏模态控制、时间积分、材料模型和应力修正、薄壳单元算法以及接触碰撞界面算法等，探讨了有限元计算中的材料模型参数获取技术，开发了相应的材料试验装置及材料模型参数反求软件，在此基础上进行了基本的碰撞仿真算例和试验对比研究；文中通过应用有限元方法研究了薄壁构件的碰撞吸能特性，指出了设计薄壁吸能构件时需要考虑的几个主要影响因素，即焊点、壁厚、横截面和预变形等；在关于车辆部件的碰撞安全性能设计中进行了吸能转向机构和自适应安全气囊的仿真研究，提出了吸能转向机构和自适应安全气囊的仿真研究方法；文中最后探讨了整车碰撞性能的设计与改进方法，提出了以理想碰撞特性为目标，采用分段加速度或者根据碰撞时间进行设计的反推设计法、部件吸能仿真优化设计法等量化设计方法，并通过综合应用文中所讨论的相关技术进行了整车碰撞性能的设计与改进实例研究，所选定的车型是大众化的普通轿车和碰撞安全性基础较差的微型面包车，研究结果表明，本文所提出的设计与改进方法是适用而有效的，具有重要的工程实用意义和价值。

On the basis of investigating analytic proposition and synthetic proposition, the paper gives some comments on Quine's critique on distinction of the two propositions, illustrating that Quine's critique cannot deny their distinction and only show they are two typical fuzzy conceptions, so we should grasp the dialectical mechanism of their relative distinction and inter-permeation by fuzzy thinking methods.

在考察分析命题与综合命题的基础上，对奎因分析命题与综合命题之区分的批判进行了评述，说明奎因的批判并不能否认分析命题与综合命题的区分，而只是表明了"分析命题"与"综合命题"是两个典型的模糊概念，因而需要运用模糊思维方法去把握它们既相对区分又相互贯通的辩证机理。

With aid of techniques of analytical continuation and conformal mapping, exact solutions are obtained for three typical problems concerning Eshelby's inclusion. The three problems are1 interaction between an arbitrarily shaped Eshelby inclusion and a circular inhomogeneity in transversely isotropic piezoelectric medium; 2 interaction between an arbitraily shaped Eshelby inclusion and an interface in anisotropic piezoelectric medium, the interface in our investigation may be a perfect interface, or a frictionless slipping interface , or a compliant electrode layer is embedded along the full interface of the bimaterials; 3 interaction between an arbitraily shaped Eshelby inclusion and an elliptical hole in anisotropic piezoelectric medium.

通过采用解析延拓和共形映射技术，获得了压电复合材料中有关Eshelby夹杂三个典型问题的精确弹性解答，即横观各向同性压电介质中任意形状的Eshelby夹杂与圆柱异相夹杂间相互作用；一般各向异性压电介质中任意形状的Eshelby夹杂与双压电材料所形成界面的相互作用，我们所考虑的界面包括理想界面、滑动界面以及柔性金属电极层增强界面；一般各向异性压电介质中任意形状的Eshelby夹杂与椭圆孔洞的相互作用。

By Archetype Theory of Analytical Psychology,the present paper firstly analyzes the typical images in both Faulkner and Shen Congwen's works.

一、引言传统存在于人思想的深层结构中，决定着其思维方式和对待生活、对待世界的基本态度，影响其思想和言行[1]。

In a word, Wang Guangqi's ideal is a kind of typical proposal for social reform. It is with an anarchistic color in its earlier period, as well as a strong national emotion all the way.

可见，他的这种理想是典型的社会改革主张，在早期带有无政府主义色彩，自始至终具有强烈的民族主义情感。

The typical plagiogranite is distributed in the Kuerti ophiolite, which is the product of amphiobilite anatexis.

岩石学和地球化学的系统研究显示，库尔提蛇绿岩中分布着较典型的斜长花岗岩，该斜长花岩是角闪岩深熔作用的产物。

From massive works, some typical ones are illustrated to anatomize the writer's thinking and narrating strategy.

同时从大量的文本中，选取了其中几部具有

TYPICAL USE:The anatomy of an earthworm is much simpler than that of a man.

和人比较起来，蚯蚓的身体结构要简单的多了。

Flamenco is a typical dance and music in the south of Spain, concretely in the Andalusian region.

弗拉门戈舞是目前最为流行的西班牙舞蹈形式，是集歌、舞、吉他演奏为一体的一种特殊艺术形式。

Based on the Phrygian scale, a typical cadence is formed, usually called " Andalusian cadence ".

在弗利基亚音阶的基础上形成了一种典型节奏，一般被称为"安达卢西亚节奏"。

With Death guitarist Schuldiner adopting vocal duties, the band made a major impact on the scene.

随着死亡的吉他手Schuldiner接受主唱的职务，乐队在现实中树立了重要的影响。

But he could still end up breakfasting on Swiss-government issue muesli because all six are accused of nicking around 45 million pounds they should have paid to FIFA.

不过他最后仍有可能沦为瑞士政府&议事餐桌&上的一道早餐，因为这所有六个人都被指控把本应支付给国际足联的大约4500万英镑骗了个精光。