查询词典 two-party system

First, on the basis of the theory of fairness and efficiency in tax, expense deducting is analyzed referring to the juristic principle, which provides theoretical basis and reference for the adjustment in expense deducting system. Second, by the method of induction and comparing, the author analyzes and introduces the expense deducting system in other countries or regions. Third, defects which exist in current expense deducting system of individual income tax are demonstrated. At last, connected to the reform of patterns of individual income tax, relative suggestions regarding to the adjustment of expense deducting system in our country are put forward, which is adopting mixed tax jurisdiction. The two patterns of family tax and individual tax exist at the same time and family tax should be prevailing. These two patterns can be chosen by taxpayer voluntarily. Referring to the methods in other countries and regions, the items and standard of expense deducting of individual income tax should be improved.

首先以税收的公平和效率理论为基础，结合税收扣除的法律原则，对费用扣除进行分析，为我国的费用扣除制度调整提供了理论依据及参考；其次，运用归纳比较的方法，对国外的费用扣除制度进行了分析介绍；再次，论证了我国现行个人所得税费用扣除制度存在的缺陷；最后，本文结合个税税制模式的改革，提出调整我国费用扣除制度的相关建议：实行混合制；选择家庭课税和个人课税并存的模式，以家庭课税为主，由纳税人纳税时自愿选择；参考国外的做法，完善个人所得税费用扣除项目及标准。

Further more, we get the necessary and sufficient conditions for the two-dimensional discrete system, where the permanence and extinction of the system are decided and only decided by the relationship of the non-delay coefficients in the system. Further, we for the first time find the equivalent permanence and extinction between the two-dimensional discrete Lotka-Volterra and its corresponding continuous system.

进一步，本得到了此类离散系统二维自治情形下，其持续生存和灭绝分别等价于系统非时滞系数构成的相应不等式；通过比较本文中二维自治Lotka-Volterra竞争系统的连续和离散两种情形的有关结论，首次发现这两类系统具有等价的持续生存和灭绝性质，建立了这两类系统之间的联系。

In this article two functional modes of the Fly-back Converter (Continuous Conduct Mode and Discontinuous Conduct Mode) are particularly analyzed, which include their characteristics, applications, the critical pattern of two functional modes is argued, both the exact boundary from the angle of circuit parameters is crystallized, at the same time, basic principle of PFC under the DCM mode is introduced, which settle theoretical basis for the subsequent design; by establishing the mathematic model of the converter, a further investigation of the configuration is made, qualitatively and quantitatively, analyzed to settle exactly theoretical basis for the subsequent emulation and the experimental parameter; from the angle of steady-state analysis, the transfer function of the system is deduced to establish dynamic small-signal state equation, emulating the system with the help of matlab, then according to the simulation result and the theory of PFC revise the system, lastly, we adopt the project which add a zero-pole compensator to the voltage loop, by this way, a satisfied system performance is gained and the PFC scheme is ensured successfully; finally, based on the previously-done work, we combining with the situation of specific design requirement, acquired the numerical value of each unit devices in this converter

详细分析了反激式变换器的两种工作状态，连续模式(Continuous Conduct Mode ，简称CCM)和断续模式(Discontinuous Conduct Mode，简称DCM)以及各自的特点、应用场合，论证了两种工作状态的临界模式，从电路参数的角度明确了二者的界限，同时还介绍了DCM模式下PFC的基本原理，为后面的设计奠定理论基础；通过对整个变换器系统建立准确的数学模型，对此变换器的电路结构做了进一步的研究，定性、定量地分析了变换器各部分的工作状态，为仿真和实验参数的确定以及电路参数的优化提供理论依据；从稳态分析的角度，为系统建立了动态小信号状态方程并推导出系统的传递函数，利用matlab对系统进行仿真，进而根据仿真结果以及PFC的相关理论对系统进行校正，采用在电压环加入零点—极点补偿器的设计方案，得到了满意的系统特性并且保证了PFC的顺利实现；最后，在前面所做工作的基础上，结合设计要求计算出此变换器系统中每个元器件的数值，利用Pspice对其进行了仿真、优化，然后根据仿真结果搭建了硬件电路。

Primarily, the thesis assays the condition of network framework, the network was divided into three levels in terms of network management in order to establish the distributed method ,and still pointing out the intention and denotation of studying the Topology Discovery.Next, the thesis analyzes SNMP protocol minutely, including its development, principle, and the Network Management system that established on the SNMP protocol. Have analysed MIB in detail and the application way of MIB in network management .The thesis also assays the ICMP protocol, describing its working principle and the format of datagram minutely , and describing two important tools of ICMP- Ping and TraceRoute in detail. On the base of upper analysis, the thesis expounds a kind of distributed Topology Discovery project, and book it in one autonomy system. Topology Discovery was divided into two levels in terms of network management, and analyses the way of linking up between the two level. The thesis minutely assays Router-Level Topology Discovery technology basing on SNMP and Subnet-Level Topology Discovery technology basing on ARP and ICMP. According to these analyses, the thesis explores the specific methodology and the technology of XML data object which using the WinSNMP API to achieve topology discovering system on the development platform of Visual C++, and also analyses the technology of topology analysis and topology graph minutely. Moreover, the thesis assays the technology of basic firewall and Topology Discovery response strategy. Finally, the thesis analyses the underlying blind problem of the topology finding, and also analyses the reason that the blind problem produced and the way that reduced. The distributed algorithm that this paper puts forward has a certain directive significance in wireless network or other fields.

本文首先分析了网络结构状况，将网络从网络管理的角度划分为三个层次，为分布式的方法奠定了基础，同时还指出拓扑发现研究的目的及意义；接着本文分析了SNMP协议，详细分析了SNMP协议的发展状况，协议的工作原理，以及由SNMP协议基础上建立的SNMP网络管理体系，详细分析了MIB，以及MIB在网络管理上的应用方式；本文又分析了ICMP协议，详细描述了ICMP的工作原理和数据报格式，并详细描述了ICMP的两个重要工具-Ping 和TraceRoute；然后本文在结合上述分析的基础上，提出了一种分布式的拓扑发现方案，将拓扑发现拟订在一个自治系统内，将拓扑发现从网络管理角度划分为路由器级和子网级两个层次，分析了两个层次之间的衔接方式，同时从拓扑地域的角度将拓扑发现过程分布化，分析了分布式算法的具体方法和分布式结点之间的数据通讯方法，本文详细分析了基于SNMP的路由器级拓扑发现技术和基于ARP和ICMP的子网级拓扑发现技术；根据这些分析，本文利用XML数据对象作为分布式算法中的数据对象，分析了XML的技术，本文使用Visual C++开发平台实现网络拓扑发现系统，详细分析了使用WinSNMP API实现基于SNMP的路由器级拓扑发现和基于ARP的子网级拓扑发现，分析了使用Winsock编程实现基于ICMP的子网级拓扑发现，本文还对拓扑分析和拓扑图的绘制技术作了较细致的分析；本文最后还分析了基本防火墙技术，分析了几种类型的防火墙对拓扑发现带来的影响，以及在拓扑发现时的应对策略，本文还分析了拓扑发现中可能产生的盲点问题，分析了盲点产生的原因以及拓扑发现中减少盲点的方法。

Retroreflector array is used as pseudo phase conjugator in the system. The fidelity of the conjugate wave and matching problem of the retroreflector array and Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensor is discussed. Several data fusion methods are presented in order to having two Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensors control one set of wavefront corrector. The misalignment errors of Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensor and arrangement errors of wavefront sensor and deformable mirror are analyzed. At the same time, numerical work based on the data of practically system, such as 61 element AO system, are done corresponding to the problem respectively and the results are given. The system of CP/CM AO is setup to fulfill all the functions. Through the data fusion of two Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensors, the system runs successfully and realizes the close loop. It lays a good foundation for the application of CP/CM AO. Another aspect of this paper is to expand the working band of Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensor through Frequency Transfer of Nonlinear Optics.

针对不同的应用环境，提出了四种CP／CM衍生光路；进行了关键器件——角反射器阵列的保真度分析，给出了角反射器阵列作为伪相位共轭器件，与哈特曼—夏克波前传感器的匹配条件，认为角反射器阵列的布局要与哈特曼波前传感器的微透镜阵列布局完全对应，才能达到最优探测效果；提出了四种双哈特曼传感器控制一套波前校正器的数据融合方式，并逐一进行了分析，认为加修正因子斜率融合和电压融合方式在目前工程中是适用的，并进行了相应的数值模拟；给出了哈特曼传感器自身的调整误差分析过程，得到了误差可通过常规标定消除的判断依据；通过数值计算，得到了常规自适应光学系统和CP／CM系统哈特曼传感器和变形镜的对准误差对系统性能的影响，给出了两种系统对于不同对准误差情况下校正效果的变化情况和相应系统容限；以37单元自适应光学系统为基础，搭建了CP／CM自适应光学系统光路，并完成了系列CP／CM功能实现实验，运用双哈特曼传感器数据融合，成功实现了CP／CM自适应光学系统的闭环实验。

The results show:(1) that the dynamical properties in the system depend on the degree of entanglement of the initial two identical two-level entangled atoms and the intensity of the coherent optical field, and the atomic dipole moment can be completely squeezed via choosing optimal degree of entanglement of the initial atoms in the feeblish optical field;(2) that the quantum properties of the system also depend on the degree of entanglement of the initial two identical two-level entangled atoms and the intensity of the coherent optical field, and the radiation field can be effectively squeezed via choosing optimal degree of entanglement of the initial atoms in the feeblish optical field.

结果表明：(1)相干态光场的强度和两原子的初始纠缠度对原子的动力学行为有很大的影响。原子布居的振荡频率及幅度和原子偶极压缩的演化规律与光场强弱和两原子初始纠缠度相关联。在弱光场下，选择合适的两原子初始纠缠态，原子偶极矩可以完全被压缩。(2)相干态光场的强度和两原子的初始纠缠度对光场的量子特性也有很大的影响。光场的二阶相干性质和光场的压缩效应均与光场强度和两原子纠缠度相关联。在弱光场中，选择合适的两原子初始纠缠度，光场压缩深度和时间可达到最大。

It also introduced selecting methods of the power redirectors in the steering-system design. Moreover it also did the further research on the power redirectors matching and coordination problem of the suspension system and the steering-system, calculated steering wheel strength and momental gradient when the heavy-duty vehicle matched two kind of power redirectors, did entire vehicle performance simulation research on two matching schemes of the suspension system and the steering-system.

还介绍了在转向系统的设计过程中动力转向器的选型方法，另外还针对动力转向器匹配及转向系统与悬架系统匹配问题做了进一步的研究，对重型汽车匹配两种动力转向器时车辆的转向盘力和力矩梯度进行了计算，并对两种转向系统、悬架系统匹配方案进行了整车性能的仿真研究。

Based on the hypothesis of Brands, this thesis presents two off-line electronic cash system applied to small payment: one is an off-line nondivisible electronic cash system with complete anonymity, and the other is an off-line nondivisible electronic cashsystem with repealed anonymity. The two systems can solve the bottleneck problem of bank server. Furthermore, based on the concept of virtual debit as well as the payment demand of pay-per-use electronic commerce and mobile commerce, this paper designs a micro-system NPAY, which can solve the problem of extra-consuming, greatly reduce the system communication overhead, and the consumer can anonymously consume.

基于Brands假设，设计了两个适用于小额支付的离线电子现金系统：一个是具有完全匿名性的离线不可分电子现金系统，另一个是可撤消匿名性的离线不可分电子现金系统，这两个系统都较好地解决了银行服务器的瓶颈问题；针对即付即用(pay-per-use)类型电子商务和移动商务的支付需求，基于&虚借记&的概念，设计了一个微支付系统NPAY，较好地解决了消费者超额消费问题，系统的通讯开销也大大减少，并且消费者可以匿名消费。

Based on the hypothesis of Brands, this thesis presents two off-line electronic cash system applied to small payment: one is an off-line nondivisible electronic cash system with complete anonymity, and the other is an off-line nondivisible electronic cash'system with repealed anonymity. The two systems can solve the bottleneck problem of bank server. Furthermore, based on the concept of virtual debit as well as the payment demand of pay-per-use electronic commerce and mobile co mmerce, this paper designs a micro-system NPAY, which can solve the problem of extra-consuming, greatly reduce the system communication overhead, and the consumer can anonymously consume.

基于Brands假设，设计了两个适用于小额支付的离线电子现金系统：一个是具有完全匿名性的离线不可分电子现金系统，另一个是可撤消匿名性的离线不可分电子现金系统，这两个系统都较好地解决了银行服务器的瓶颈问题；针对即付即用(pay-per-use)类型电子商务和移动商务的支付需求，基于&虚借记&的概念，设计了一个微支付系统NPAY，较好地解决了消费者超额消费问题，系统的通讯开销也大大减少，并且消费者可以匿名消费。

Firstly, we simulate the signal received by OTHR in each antenna according to the real working condition, and save the signal datum in file. Secondly, we develop the signal processing program and the visual users interface. Thirdly, we utilize the simulation system to analyze Linear Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave OTHR system and Binary Phase-coded Continuous Wave OTHR system. Finally we compare the performance in suppression of interference of these two kinds of OTHR system.We achieve two aims in this simulation system.

本文首先根据OTHR的工作环境模拟OTHR各个阵元接收的回波信号，并将其保存为数据文件；然后根据OTHR的系统结构，编写信号处理程序，并给出可视化用户界面；最后利用OTHR仿真系统，对二相编码连续波和线性调频连续波这两种发射波形的OTHR作抗干扰性能分析。

And Pharaoh spoke to Joseph, saying, Your father and your brothers have come to you.

47：5 法老对约瑟说，你父亲和你弟兄们到你这里来了。

Additionally, the approximate flattening of surface strip using lines linking midpoints on perpendicular lines between geodesic curves and the unconditional extreme value method are discussed.

提出了用测地线方程、曲面上两点间短程线来计算膜结构曲面测地线的方法，同时，采用测地线间垂线的中点连线和用无约束极值法进行空间条状曲面近似展开的分析。