查询词典 troposphere

Conscious that the human organism, normally capable of sustaining an atmospheric pressure of 19 tons, when elevated to a considerable altitude in the terrestrial atmosphere suffered with arithmetical progression of intensity, according as the line of demarcation between troposphere and stratosphere was approximated from nasal hemorrhage, impeded respiration and vertigo, when proposing this problem for solution, he had conjectured as a working hypothesis which could not be proved impossible that a more adaptable and differently anatomically constructed race of beings might subsist otherwise under Martian, Mercurial, Veneral, Jovian, Saturnian, Neptunian or Uranian sufficient and equivalent conditions, though an apogean humanity of beings created in varying forms with finite differences resulting similar to the whole and to one another would probably there as here remain inalterably and inalienably attached to vanities, to vanities of vanities and to all that is vanity.

人体组织通常能够抗得住十九吨的气压，可是一旦在地球的大气层里上升到相当的高度，越是接近对流层与平流层的境界线，鼻孔出血、吸呼困难以及眩晕，随着算术级数就越发严重起来。他晓得这一点，寻求解答时就设想出这样一个难以证明是不可能的行之有效的假定：倘若换个更富于适应性，解剖学上的构造也有所不同的种族，说不定就能在火星、水星、金星、木星、土星、海王星或天王星那充足而相同的条件下生存下来。然而那个远地点的人类种族，尽管在构造方面与地球上的人类有着一定限度的不同之处，整个来说彼此却有着相似的种种形态。他们恐怕也和地球上的人类一样，会不肯舍弃那一成不变、无法分割的属性，也就是对空虚，对空虚的空虚，一切都是空虚的执着。

A thermodynamic formula is presented to measure the value of Q and the temperature change in thermodynamic equilibrium for the biosphere in the broad sense. On the basis of experimental data, it is found that, in theory, the heat released by the use of fossil fuels and nuclear energy raises the global sea level by 35 mm per year or raises the temperature in the atmospheric troposphere by 0.11 ℃ per year.

给出了广义生物圈的热平衡测量Q值和温度变化的热力学公式，并在实际数据的基础上通过计算发现人类使用矿物燃料和核能所排放的热量理论上可使全球海平面每年升高35 mm或者可使大气对流层温度每年升高011 ℃。

There exists two exposively increasing periods of temperature in first pentad of May and first pentad of June in low troposphere of China continent, and the latter is much stronger than the former.

中国大陆夏季对流层低层5月初和6月初有2次暴发性增暖过程，第二次比第一次强烈得多。

Chemical mechanism on formation of secondary organic aerosols involves in photooxidation process of volatile organic compounds and subsequent chemical reaction, which directly lead to increase of ozone concentration and to formation of secondary organic aerosol in troposphere.

二次有机气溶胶形成的化学机理主要涉及到挥发性有机化合物的光氧化过程及其一系列的后续反应，它们导致了对流层中臭氧浓度的增加和二次有机气溶胶的形成。

The STE dominated by the intrusion of stratospheric air has been testified as a cause of ozone enhancement in upper troposphere over East Asia at the end of March 2001. This STE relates to the surface high moving southward, the upper cold eddy deepening and drifting eastward, the convergence of Subtropical Jet and Polar Front Jet associated with the cold front, the increasing temperature gradient near the jets, and the enhancing baroclinic instability.

天气诊断和动力分析表明，2001年3月底东亚地区几个臭氧探空测站探测到的对流层上层臭氧增加是以平流层空气下传为主的STE过程导致的，此过程与地面冷高压南下、高空冷涡加深东移的天气过程、以及冷锋推进引起的副热带急流和极锋急流的移动和汇合、急流附近的温度梯度加大、斜压不稳定增强等动力因素密切相关。

The warm high ridge in mid-and-lower troposphere over North China, the pressure ridge over Okhotsk sea and the western Pacific subtropical high are major circulation system influencing summer climate anomaly in North China.

2华北地区上空对流层中下层发生的暖高压、鄂霍兹克海地区的高压脊和西太平副热带高压是影响华北地区夏季气候变异的主要环流系统。

During the four years study on the project, we develop a dynamical forecast model that describing the subtropical ridge surface. A new theory on the role of the land-sea thermal difference on the formation of the Subtropical High is advanced. It is concluded that in the summer subtropics over each continent and its adjacent ocean LO, SE, CO, and a double-dominant heating from west to east compose a LOSECOD heating quadruplet. The influence of the Eurasia continent on SH varies according to the seasonal variation. From the ideal numerical simulation it is shown the important role of the Eaiuan continent and the huge topography on the mechanism of formation and mantanence of the SH during the summer. It is verified by the numerical simulation that the extension of the subtropical continent into the tropics greatly enhances the " East Asian monsoon". Through the Rossby energy dissipation theory it is verified that the deep latent convective heating induces the onset of the South China Sea monsoon over the Bay of Bengal. The relationship and mechanism between the precipitaiton over the East Asia and the Subtropicla high is illustrated by the data. It is also found the close phase lock between the east-west shift of the SH and the disturbence of the east wind belt over the tropical troposphere. The interaction between the structure and activity feature of the SH and the Meiyu over the Yangtze-Huaihe river valley is revealed from the data. The numerical simulation verified the impact of the different SH pattern on the path of the typhoon.

本项目的研究发展了描述副热带高压脊面变化的动力模型，提出了夏季副热带地区四叶型非绝热加热分布型及相应环流拼图的创新理论；明确了大陆尺度的海陆热力差异在副热带高压形成中的作用；指出欧亚地形对副热带高压和气候的影响随季节变化而变化，通过数值试验证明春季青藏高原的感热加热对亚洲夏季风的爆发地点起了"锚定"的作用，进一步证实了副热带高压断裂和亚洲夏季风的最早爆发地点发生在孟加拉湾东岸；利用Rossby波能量频散理论证明了孟加拉湾深对流潜热释放诱导南海季风爆发的机制；揭示了东亚季风降水的季节内变化与西太副高的关系及机理；揭示了西太副高与东西风带中扰动之间的相互作用过程，指出西太副高的东西活动与热带对流层上空东风带扰动和中纬度西风带扰动的移动和锁相密切相关；研究了夏季淮河流域梅雨期间副高结构和活动特征及其与江淮暴雨的相互作用；验证了不同副热带高压形态对台风路径的不同影响；通过数值试验证明了欧亚大陆和青藏高原等大地形对副热带高压形成和维持的重要作用。

On the other hand, when the tropical western Pacific is in a cooling state in spring, convective activities are weakened around the Philippines. In this case, there is an anticyclonic anomaly circulation in the lower troposphere over the South China Sea, and the western Pacific subtropical high shifts westward, thus, the late onset of the SCSM can be caused. Moreover, when the tropical western Pacific is also in a cooling state, convective activities around the Philippines are also weak in summer, since the abrupt northward-shift of the western Pacific subtropical high is not obvious in mid-June and early July and it gradually shifts northward during its northward advance in this case, the East Asian summer monsoon rainband can be maintained in the Yangtze River and the Huaihe River valleys.

相反，当春季热带西太平洋处于冷状态，菲律宾周围对流活动弱，在这种情况下，南海上空对流层下层有反气旋性距平环流，西太平洋副热带高压偏西，从而使得南海夏季风爆发晚；并且，当夏季热带西太平洋也处于冷状态，菲律宾周围对流活动也很弱，在这种情况下，西太平洋副热带高压北进时，在6月中旬或7月初向北突跳并不明显，而是以渐进式向北移动，从而使得东亚季风雨带一直维持在长江流域和淮河流域。

The results show that when the tropical western Pacific is in a warming state in spring, convective activities are intensified around the Philippines. In this case, there is a cyclonic anomaly circulation in the lower troposphere over the South China Sea, and the western Pacific subtropical high shifts eastward, thus, the early onset of the South China Sea summer monsoon can be caused. Moreover, when the tropical western Pacific is also in a warming state, convective activities around the Philippines are also strong in summer, since the western Pacific subtropical high abruptly shifts northward in mid-June and early July during its northward advance in this case, the abrupt northward-shift of the East Asian summer monsoon rainband from South China to the Yangtze River and the Huaihe River valleys is obvious in mid-June and this monsoon rainband again jumps northward from the Yangtze River and the Huaihe River valleys to the Yellow River valley, North China and Northeast China in early July.

分析结果表明：当春季热带西太平洋处于暖状态，菲律宾周围对流活动强，在这种情况下，南海上空对流层下层有气旋性距平环流，西太平洋副热带高压偏东，从而使得南海夏季风爆发早；并且，当夏季热带西太平洋也处于暖状态，菲律宾周围对流活动也很强，在这种情况下，西太平洋副热带高压北进时，在6月中旬和7月初存在明显的突跳，从而使得东亚季风雨带在6月中旬明显由华南北跳到江淮流域，并于7月初由江淮流域北跳到黄河流域、华北和东北地区。

The water vapor changes gradually weaken with height, but their relative changes reach the maximum in the upper troposphere.

但是，水汽的相对变化在对流层上层存在减少的高值中心。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。