查询词典 trade-off

Firstly, it seeks the sources from which theories have been developed, by a summary of evolution or a road-map. Secondly, it explains the two basic forms taken by traditional theories on intra-industry trade, namely, horizontal intra-industry trade model and vertical intra-industry trade model. Both models take final products as trade objects and products of same industry are thus simultaneously exported and imported among developed nations and among developed nations and developing ones.Thirdly, it points out that the theory of vertical intra-industry trade has already been expanded in scope in the area of trade between developed countries and LDCs. It shows that the implication of vertical intra-industry trade has expanded to the importation and exportation of parts and components, intermediate products or processing products produced via various working procedures or different production links within the same industry, with MNCs as carriers. It gives the summary of the methods of measuring intra-industry trade and argues that the basic method adopted by this thesis is G-L Index. In addition, GHM and Input-output Analysis are introduced to demonstrate the expansion of vertical intra-industry trade.

首先，通过整理国际贸易理论的发展脉络，寻求产业内贸易的理论渊源；其次，阐述产业内贸易传统理论的两种基本形式，水平型产业内贸易与垂直型产业内贸易的理论模型，指出两者都以最终产品为贸易对象，实现了发达国家之间或发达国家与发展中国家之间的同一产业内产品的同时进口和出口；第三，结合全球化的特点和跨国公司在国际要素分工中的基础作用，指出发达国家与发展中国家之间的垂直型产业内贸易理论已经得到拓展，表明垂直型产业内贸易涵义已发展成为以跨国公司为载体的同一产业内不同生产工序或不同生产环节的零部件、中间产品或加工产品的进口和出口；最后，归纳了产业内贸易的计量方法，指出本文的产业内贸易基本计量方法是G-L指数(格鲁贝尔-洛伊德计量法)，并在此基础上进一步说明与垂直型产业内贸易的拓展相关的计量方法包括：GHM计量法和Hummels投入-产出分析法。

Then the author analyzes empirically China's terms of trade from 1981,and the causes of the change in the net barter terms of trade by means of regression analysis ,which can be quantitied.we get the results that China's net barter terms of trade had a declining trend while its income terms and factorial terms of trade had been improved,and the net barter terms of trade positively correlates with actual tariff rate,exchange rate and negatively correlates with GDP,besides,the factors which can not be quantitied such as pure price fighting,inappropiate tariff sytem,foreign-invested enterprises's tranfer pricing and region trade agreement also lead to the above trend of China's net barter terms of trade,and the change in China's net barter terms of trade had a neglect impact on international trade benefit.

得出中国价格贸易条件总体上存在下降趋势，收入、要素条件呈现改善的趋势；实际关税率、汇率与价格贸易条件存在正相关关系，GDP指数与其负相关。出口企业恶性价格竞争、不合理的关税体制、外资企业的转移定价、区域贸易集团是造成中国价格贸易条件下降的非量化因素。此外，本文分析了1981-2004年价格贸易条件变动导致的中国国际贸易利益变化，发现价格贸易条件变动对中国国际贸易利益产生了一定的负面影响。最后，本文在分析中国价格贸易条件变动环境的基础上，认为中国工业化阶段不高、贸易限制性政策实施空间的减小、&合成谬误&现象及知识经济时代的到来会在一定时期内对价格贸易条件变动不利。

Trade, consumer electronic products trade, power station equipment trade. Trade in services and industrial investment areas, Afro-Asian International Group, its frequent use of foreign exchanges, with the civil business built up good cooperation relationship and personal connections as well as the perfect professional services, engage in exchange of cultural performances, exhibition services, Business States to study business travel, project management consulting, the World Bank Asian Development Bank, African Development Bank and other international financial institutions, project contracting loans, government grants foreign aid project contracting, the introduction of U.S. venture capital patent production of civilian sensors, and the International Geothermal Association Cooperation in the geothermal resources development and utilization, engineering supervision and six Indian companies for electricity power station in India Highway Advisory sewage treatment project tender, with the Indian national and local chambers of commerce to engage in trade consultation, and cooperation between the Confederation of Indian Industry Exhibition Services, and the Federation of Indian mining and mineral owners Orissa iron ore trade cooperation between the agents, and Iraq Alebier Construction Group cooperation in the cement exports, with the London Metal Exchange members of discarded rail trade cooperation with Ghana Minerals Association and the Sierra Leone Diamond Research Center, Shajin agreement agent and the diamond trade, and the Congo and Zambia Copper Company Acting copper and electrolytic copper trade, Kazakhstan, Nigeria and Russia Acting Saudi oil trade in Malaysia Indonesia, and Saudi Arabia Amorco, Russia Trasnneft, Rusneft, Gasplome, Nigeria NPOC, Kazakhstan OSCJ, Iran's NOIC, Malaysian Petronas, Venezuela VNOC, Cyprus HANS OIL maintain good relations of cooperation, and nearly 100 more than the global oil agent and the channel exchanges sharing resources ......

在服务贸易和实业投资领域，亚非国际集团利用其频繁的对外交流，与各国政府民间商业界建立起来的良好合作关系和人脉关系以及完美的专业服务，从事文化演出交流活动、会展服务，赴各国商务考察商务旅游，项目管理咨询，世界银行亚洲开发银行非洲开发银行等国际金融机构工程承包贷款项目，政府赠款援外项目工程承包，引入美国风险投资专利生产民用传感器，与国际地热协会理事合作进行地热资源的开发和利用，与印度六家工程监理公司合作进行印度电力电站高速公路污水处理项目的咨询招标，与印度国家和地方商会合作从事贸易咨询，与印度工业联合会合作进行会展服务，与印度矿业联合会以及奥里萨邦矿业业主合作进行铁矿石贸易代理，与伊拉克阿勒比尔建工集团合作从事水泥建材出口，与英国伦敦金属交易所成员合作进行废旧钢轨贸易，与加纳矿产协会以及塞拉利昂钻石研究中心协议代理沙金和钻石贸易，与刚果赞比亚铜业公司代理铜矿和电解铜贸易，代理沙特尼日利亚俄罗斯哈萨克斯坦马来西亚印尼原油贸易，与沙特Amorco，俄罗斯Trasnneft， Rusneft， Gasplome，尼日利亚NPOC，哈萨克斯坦OSCJ，伊朗NOIC，马来西亚Petronas，委内瑞拉VNOC，塞浦路斯HANS OIL 保持良好合作关系，与全球近100多家石油代理商和渠道商往来密切资源共享。。。。。。

In reality, according to a paper by Veena Jha published by the International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development in Geneva, tariffs are not a particularly big barrier to the dissemination of environmental technologies.

实际上，日内瓦国际贸易与可持续发展中心(International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development)发表的一篇由维纳·杰哈撰写的论文显示，对于环保技术的传播，关税并非一个特别巨大的障碍。

By leveraging the breadth and reliability of the UPS global network, UPS Trade Direct Ocean can remove days from your supply chain - delivering goods from overseas directly to your customers′ location s.

借助 UPS 全球网络的广泛度与可靠性，UPS Trade Direct 海运可减少您供应链的运转天数--将货物从海外直接递送至您的客户所在地。

By leveraging the breadth and reliability of the UPS global network, UPS Trade Direct Ocean can remove days from your supply chain - delivering goods from overseas directly to your customers′ locations .

借助 UPS 全球网络的广泛度与可靠性，UPS Trade Direct 海运可减少您供应链的运转天数--将货物从海外直接递送至您的客户所在地。

Example: shuttlediplomacy, mini - summit meeting, small, psywar confrontation, the war's psychological trade

shuttlediplomacy、mini—summit、confrontation、psywar、trade war等等。

China has no plans to reintroduce the right to strike, which it abolished in 1982 as it began to fret about the example set by the Solidarity trade-union movement in Poland.

中国没有引入罢工权利的计划，由于担心发生波兰&团结工会运动&（Solidarity trade-union movement）那样的事情，它在1982年废止了该项权利。

In today's Washington Post, CBO director Peter Orszag says that if a cap-and-trade system for carbon is to be maximimally effective, the allowances should be sold rather than handed out, and fluctuations in the price of an allowance over time should be limited.

华盛顿邮报， CBO 的头头 Peter Orszag 说：如果二氧化碳的&总量控制与排放交易&(cap-and-trade)体制，能达到最高效率的话，那么，就应该采取&配额买卖&的方法，而不要采取&发放配额&的方法，而且，配额价格的波动，应该受到限制。

Intoday's Washington Post, CBOdirector Peter Orszag says that if a cap-and-trade system for carbon is tobe maximimally effective, the allowances should be sold rather than handed out,and fluctuations in the price of an allowance over time should be limited.

华盛顿邮报， CBO 的头头 Peter Orszag 说：如果二氧化碳的&总量控制与排放交易&(cap-and-trade)体制，能达到最高效率的话，那么，就应该采取&配额买卖&的方法，而不要采取&发放配额&的方法，而且，配额价格的波动，应该受到限制。

In the negative and interrogative forms, of course, this is identical to the non-emphatic forms.

。但是，在否定句或疑问句里，这种带有"do"的方法表达的效果却没有什么强调的意思。

Go down on one's knees;kneel down

屈膝跪下。。。下跪祈祷