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The findings show that previous innovation accruement exerts great influences on current technological innovation and that import trade significantly enhances China's technological innovation ability, with human capital threshold effect on high-level technological innovation. In addition, impacts of import trade on China's technological innovation have regional differentiation, gradually diminishing its impacts from eastern to western areas.

研究发现：过去的创新积累对当期的技术创新有重要影响；进口贸易对我国技术创新能力的提升有显著的促进作用，其中对高水平技术创新的影响存在人力资本"门槛"效应；此外，进口贸易对我国技术创新的影响存在区域差异性，即影响程度呈现出从东部地区向西部地区递减的现象。

By synthetic use of the value-augmented coefficient of processing trade and linear regression analysis, the paper makes empirical studies of the effect of processing trade on China's economic augment.

本文综合运用加工贸易增值系数、加工贸易对我国GDP的拉动度及线性回归分析等方法将加工贸易对我国经济增长的作用做了实证分析。

SET agreement is directed for the safe and effective bankcard trade on the open network jointly developed by Visa and Mastercard, offers security on the senior level for payment trade of the bank card on Internet and guarantee against swindle.

SET协议是针对开放网络上安全、有效的银行卡交易，由Visa和Mastercard联合研制的，为Internet上银行卡的支付交易提供高层的安全和反欺诈保证。

Section 1 fOrigin of world economic organization, elucidating the trends ofinternational economy integration and the global and regionaldevelopment trends today.Section 2 fThe styles and functions of the worid econoAnc organization, thevicissitude in line of environments, times and their structuralfunctions in those organizations fOrmed to help solve investment,finance and trade related problems, e.g., Intemational Monetary Fund, Worid Bank and frOm Intemational Trade Organization, General Agreement on TariffS and Trade GArn to WoridTrade Organization (WTO,These organizations are incrcasinglyinterrelated in functions.ChaPter ThxefDeveloPment of trade in services.

第贰章为世界经济组织的发展，第一节为世界经济组织的缘起，阐述国际经济整合的趋势及现今全球性与区域性的发展现势；第二节世界经济组织之型式与功能，为解决投资、金融、贸易设立的国际货币基金（International Monetary Fund，IMF）、世界银行（World Bank，WB）和从国际贸易组织（International Trade Organization，ITO）、关税暨贸易总协定（General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade，GATT）到世界贸易组织（World Trade Organization，WTO）一路的衍化及随著时代环境变迁，其结构性功能转变，应益加密切相互关联。

Number of the other side of record of the both sides after clinching a deal, trade the price and amount, give with gesticulation announce trade the exchange staff of an upper part, they input information computer, trade the price and amount are shown to be in by the row trade on the electronic screen of lobby upper part.

成交后双方记录对方号码。交易价格和数量，并用手势通告给交易场上方的交易所人员，他们将信息输入电脑，交易价格和数量被列示在交易大厅上方的电子屏幕上。

Seeing to this goal, this team has gathered the past experience of youth seminar programs in Taiwan, drawing upon our own vision for and experience from hosting "Seminar on International Trade and Economy" and modeling upon the annual "Presidential Classroom" held in the United States, we've created a 5-7-day concentrated training featuring lectures, discussions, inter-personal engagement, and visits to important institutive and agencies to achieve our goal.

准此，本团队参酌国内外举办青年研习计画的历史经验，承过去国际经贸事务研习会(Seminar on International Trade and Economy， SITE)的精神，撷取美国常年办理「总统教室」之模型，设计五至七天的集中训练，全英语化的讲演、讨论、演练与机构参访，以达到提升参加者国际事务观念与国际交往能力的目的，并对当今国际事务的本体有更深刻的了解，进而为台湾培育新一代优质青年。

Third,international community has already proposed anti-monopoly law, we can make reference to European Anti-competition law,through case laws and mechanism,e.g.how to judge the monopoly behavious of corporations in the market,how to determine the corporation\'s leading position in the market,to monopolize the market through merger and acquisition of other corporations;besides,we can also make reference to law of other countries such as Fair Trading Act of the U.K.,the Competition Act of the U.K.,the Guidelines of merger in the U.S., Antitrust Act of the U.S.,the Guidelines of European Anti-trust laws, Guidelines on merger in European Union,and the Trade-Related Anti-Trust Measures,the Trade Related Investment Measures and etc.

第三，国际社会提出制定反垄断法的模式，我们可以参考欧盟垄断法，通过案例和机制，例如：怎样判定企业在市场的垄断行为、怎样界定市场支配地位、对公司通过合并与收购的行为来把市场垄断；再且，我们也会参考一些其它国家如英国公平贸易法、英国竞争法、美国的合并指引、美国垄断法、欧盟垄断法规指引、欧盟合并条例，还有《与贸易有关的及垄断措施协议》(Trade-Related Anti-Trust Measurers)、《与贸易有关的投资措施》(trade Related Investment Measures)等法规、条例来参考讨论。

This thesis mainly researches the development of international emission trade on theory and discusses its problem and trend. Also this thesis focuses on China emission trade, especially on its advantages and disadvantages, and analyses its status quo and trend.

本论文研究重点是减排国际贸易发展，从理论角度研究这种新的国际贸易模式，探讨其存在的主要问题及其发展趋势；另一个重点是研究中国减排贸易，分析其现状及其发展趋势，特别关注其利弊，研究如何掌握。

At a certain range, habitat loss and its spatial structure can benefit the control of the epidemic disease, which indicates the possibility of using human disturbance in habitat as a potential epidemic-control method in conservation.(6) Not only the quantity of habitat loss but also the spatial correlations of patch types caused by nonrandom habitat loss affect the invasion and transmission of disease. More fragmented landscape (high amount of habitat loss, low clustering of lost patches) hinders the parasitic infection, which also indicates that whether the spatial heterogeneity benefits or hinders the invasion is dependent on the considered ecological process.(7) Two components of the spatial heterogeneity (the amount and spatial autocorrelation of the lost habitat) form a trade-off in determining the host-parasite dynamics.(8) Within a certain range of habitat loss, host can counterbalance the positive and negative effects, and shows a rising tendency.(9) The epidemic is more likely to break out in the prey-predator system if only a small amount of habitat loss.(10) A highly aggregated distribution of species is a common behavioral strategy when dealing with habitat loss or other environmental stresses.(11) The parasite-host/prey-predator eco-epidemiological systems have the similar mechanism with the intraguild predation systems, and the predator acts as the intraguild predation, the infected prey acts as intraguild prey, and the susceptible prey acts as shared resource.(12) Species at the highest trophic level are no longer affected the most by habitat loss, which depend not only on the biological mechanism but also on the external environmental disturbances.

随着邻体数目的增加，病毒的感染力度变得更大而且在空间上形成聚集的波形；(5)生境破坏及其空间结构在一定范围内有利于疾病的控制，这暗示人为对生境的干扰可作为疾病控制的一个潜在方法；(6)生境破坏的数量以及不同类型生境的空间分布格局都显著地影响了寄生病毒的入侵和传播，生境破碎化程度越高(高丧失斑块的数量或低聚集程度)，将越有害于病毒的入侵和传播，这暗示了空间异质性是否有益于物种的入侵依赖于所考虑的生态过程；(7)由生境破坏引起的空间异质性的两个组分之间存在负偶联关系trade-off(8在适度的生境破坏范围内，宿主种群能够平衡生境破坏带来的正负两种效应并呈现增长趋势；(9)在捕食-食饵系统中，寄生感染病毒极有可能在生境破坏量较低时爆发；(10)物种在面临生境破坏或者其它环境压力时表现出更高的聚集分布策略；(11)寄生-宿主/食饵-捕食生态传染病系统与共位捕食食物网结构具有相似的生物机制，其中捕食者扮演共位捕食者的角色，已感染食饵作为共位食饵，易感染食饵扮作共同消耗的资源；(12)位于最高营养级水平的种群对生境破坏的响应不一定是最敏感的，这不仅依赖于内在的生物机制同时也依赖于外在的环境干扰。

This chapter holds China as a host country.(1) It analyzes the data concerning FDI in China and import and export of foreign investment companies, concluding that the foreign investment companies in China have large-scale internal trades.(2) After analyzing the traits of processing trade itself, the development history and traits of processing trade in China, a conclusion is drawn that a large amount of internal trades are contained in the processing trade. It also analyzes the impact of this internal trade on the import and export trade, international balance and international industrial competitive in China.(3) After analyzing the technological structure, absorbent, innovation of FDI utilization in China, the strategy of "exchange market for technology" and pollution concerning the technology introduction, some conclusions are drawn that many severe problems, such as the low-leveled technology introduction structure, low popularizing and innovating rate of technology, market occupation of foreign products, pollution accompany foreign investment, are all have close relationship with the motives and functions of the internal trade.(4) According to the problems and their influences internal trade have on China, suggestions are put forward that China should control internal trade through transferring price, localization and policies attracting foreign investors.

从中国作为东道国的角度，（1）通过对中国引进FDI及外商投资企业进出口贸易的实际资料的多视角分析，得出结论：中国境内的外商投资企业的内部贸易规模是巨大的；（2）通过分析加工贸易本身的特点、我国加工贸易的发展历程、我国发展加工贸易的特点，得出结论：我国利用FDI中的加工贸易包含着大量的内部贸易，并通过实际统计资料，分析了外商加工贸易中内部贸易对我国进出口贸易、国际收支平衡和国际产业竞争力的影响；（3）通过对我国利甩FDI中所引进技术的结构、消化和创新以及&以市场换技术&战略和技术引进中的环境污染等方面的分析，得出结论：技术引进结构低下、技术的传播、波及和创新效应低下、外商产品对中国市场的挤占、外商投资企业所带来的环境污染等重大问题都与跨国公司的内部贸易的动机和功能有关；（4）针对跨国公司内部贸易所产生的种种问题及影响，分析了中国重点应从转移价格、当地化和吸引外资政策三个方面对内部贸易进行管理。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。