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The plasma ignition threshold of metal is got through experimental and numerical study. The vapour and plasma ignition times of the target are got based on the equation of heat conduction and cascade model. We suppose that the plasma is ignited when generations of new electrons are born in vapour generation time. The influence of temperature on the thermodynamics and optics parameters of material also have been considered in the model. The resulting theory has good agreement with the experiment and overseas report. A blade method to measure the laser spot is given in this paper with validation and error analysis. The plasma threshold of metals in atmosphere and water ambients both are diagnosed with the light deflection and piezoelectric transducer. A Q-switched pulsed Nd:YAG laser operating at infrared (1064nm), visible(532nm) and ultraviolet (355nm) wavelengths has been used. Al、Fe、Cu are used as targets and get a similar results with both method. Theoretical and experimental analyses are applied on the influence of wavelength on the threshold have been done, both of which have shown that the plasma threshold of metals decrease as the laser wavelength increases; The plasma threshold of metals are higher in water than in air and the pressure of the shock wave in water is five times higher than in air .

从热传导方程和雪崩电离机制出发，假设当电子增值210倍时，考虑了温度对材料热力学和光学参数的影响时，得到了气化和等离子体点燃的时间，利用该模型进行计算得到的结果与国内外报道及自行通过实验测得的阈值基本一致；提出了利用刀刃法测量激光光斑面积的方法，并通过实验进行了验证和误差分析；利用光偏转装置和压电换能器分别对空气和水中金属等离子体点燃阈值进行了实验诊断，激光器均为调Q－YAG激光器（波长1064nm，532nm，355nm，脉宽10ns），靶材分别为Al、Fe和Cu，两种测试方法得到的等离子体点燃阈值基本一致；本文从实验和理论计算两个方面讨论了波长对等离子体点燃阈值的影响，均得到了等离子体点燃阈值随著波长的增加而减小的结论；对空气中和水中不同环境下金属等离子体的点燃阈值进行了比较研究，得到了金属在水中的等离子体点燃阈值比空气中的大，且水中产生的冲击波的压强是空气中的5倍左右的结论。

Results Among the 56 times gastroscopic injection of sclerosing agent,55 times were perfect.One stopped after 5 minutes because of severe choke.One case was interrupted to inject atropin because of decline of heart rate.

结果 56例次接受静脉麻醉胃镜治疗55例次顺利完成。1例次在操作5 min后有连续呛咳停止操作，1例次在操作中有心率下降，给予用阿托品处理后缓解完成操作。

"Our study suggests that earlier bedtimes, later wake times and later school start times could be an important and relatively low-cost strategy to help reduce childhood weight problems," says Emily Snell.

&我们的研究表明，早bedtimes ，后来随着时代和后来学校开始时候可能是一个重要的和相对低廉的成本策略，以帮助减少儿童肥胖问题，说：&刘慧卿

For the 132 people whose breathing stopped between 5 and 15 times per hour,the risk or high blood pressure doubled from that of the regular breathers. And among the 67 people whose breathing stopped 15 or more times per hour,the risk nearly tripled.

132名每小时停止4到15次的人，患高血压的概率是呼吸正常人的两倍。67名每小时呼吸停止15次甚至15次以上的人，患高血压的概率几乎是正常人的三倍。

When Matthew Kahn and Iestimated household carbon emissions across American metropolitan areas we found that the three areas with the lowest emissions were San Diego San Francisco and San Jose. Carbon emissions in these places are still more than four times the emissions in the brownest Chinese city and10 times as high as the household emissions in the average Chinese city. Thatgulf reminds us why America has so little moral authority on global warming and why the world's carbon emissions will probablysoar as China and India acquire the living patterns of prosperous nations.

Matthew Kahn和我估算着美国大都市的居民碳排放，我们发现圣地亚哥、旧金山和圣何塞是碳排放最低的3个地区，但是这些地方的碳排放仍然高出中国污染最严重的城市4倍多，而且比中国一般城市的居民排放率高出10倍，这种差距提醒我们为什么美国在全球变暖事务上没有足够的权威性，以及为什么全球的碳排放将继续增长，随着中国和印度正在向富裕国家的生活模式靠近

Suction caissons as a technique was studied by scholars in 50'times and was first applied in platform of Norway northsea in 90'times.

负压桶形基础作为一门技术早在50年代就开始为各国学者所研究，90年代首次被挪威应用于北海平台上。

Since historical times,England ,where the early inhabitants were Celts, has been conquered three times .

从有历史以来，英国，在此地早期居住的是凯尔特人，已经被征服了三次。

In good times, we are mostly marginalised by the cheerful churnings of the market. But in those rare times when it all goes to hell, we are truly in our element.

在环境好时，我们通常会被热闹的市场所排挤；但当到了一切都将毁灭的罕见时刻，我们才真正有了用武之地。

Wuchang did not form relatively independent industry and commerce all along in the Qing dynasty , in. traditional society it clinged tightly to the bureaucrat regime, commerce trade gived first place to the articles of luxury that the bureaucrat nobleman consumed; before modern times it was deeply affected by politics factor. The level of industry and commerce development at the modern times had great relation with the political support, so economic growth had fought the notable politics brand.

清代武昌一直没有形成相对独立的工商业，在传统社会紧紧依附官僚政权，商业贸易以官僚贵族消费的奢侈品为主，在近代转型时期也深受政治因素影响，近代工商业发展的水平与政治支持的强弱紧密相关，因此其经济发展打上显著的政治烙印。

The newspaper has been around forever, ancient times, there would be a post, civil times, town criers and forms, in the 1900's the newspaper was fully born.

报纸自古就存在，有它的位置，以民间街头公告员的形式，直到1900年报纸才完全诞生。

In the negative and interrogative forms, of course, this is identical to the non-emphatic forms.

。但是，在否定句或疑问句里，这种带有"do"的方法表达的效果却没有什么强调的意思。

Go down on one's knees;kneel down

屈膝跪下。。。下跪祈祷