查询词典 thermal equilibrium

This paper investigated the stress response while the reactor endures thermal shock, and bring out the basic thermal-elastic mechanics equations and their solutions. It also discussed the thermal stress changes with time, study on the relationship between stress and radium. It provides theoretical references for reducing reactors'damage from thermal shock.

论文研究了反应器承受热冲击作用的应力响应，给出了热弹性力学基本方程及方程解，探讨了热应力随时间的变化及当量应力与半径的关系，从而为研究反应器减小热冲击损伤提供了理论参考。

A method using a tiny thermistor as heat transfer model was developed to measure thermophysical properties (thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity) of three standand samples(ethanol, ethylene alcohol, solution of calcium chloride). Results showed that there was no significant difference between measurement and recommendation; results of thermal conductivity from thermistor method and heat probe method for carrot and potato samples showed no significant difference; results of thermal diffusivity between thermistor method and calculation for carrot and potato samples showed no significant difference.

在分析微珠状热敏电阻传热模型的基础上，在室温对标准样品（乙二醇、乙醇、氯化钙的水溶液）的热物性进行测定，结果显示，导热系数及热扩散系数的测量值与推荐值之间无显著性差异（p＞0.05）；热敏电阻法与热探针法对比测定胡萝卜及马铃薯两种农产品的导热系数，结果显示两种方法之间无显著性差异（p＞0.05）；热敏电阻法与常规计算对比测定胡萝卜及马铃薯两种农产品的热扩散系数，结果显示两种方法之间无显著性差异（p＞0.05）。

In this paper, a thermal simulation model of a LED driver was established. The thermal field and thermal stress analysis of the driver was done by using the software EFD Pro 8.2, and the temperature rise from various parts and the temperature field distribution of the PCB were obtained. By analyzing the reasons leading to overheating and unideal heat distribution, corresponding thermal simulation using an improved model was carried out. Finally, the comparison and analysis of experimental measurement results and simulation results were given.

本文基于计算流体力学中的有限体积法，建立了该变换器的热仿真模型，利用EFD Pro 8.2软件，对驱动电源内部进行了热场及热应力分析，得到了各部分的温升情况和整个电源温度场的分布情况，分析导致PCB局部过热的原因，然后针对热仿真得出的不理想的热分布情况提出了改进的方法，进行了模型改进，对PCB板上的各部分进行合理的重新布局，并再次进行了热仿真，最终得到了较为理想的结果，最后给出了实验测量结果与仿真结果的对比及分析。

The efficiency of the thermal analysis and thermal design is improved if the variation analysis method is used to the thermal analysis and the thermal design of the satellite.

将参数分析方法应用于卫星的热设计和热分析中，可提高卫星热设计和热分析的效率。

In Chapter Four, the surface fracture was studied for a functionally graded plate with a semi-elliptical surface crack under state thermal loading, and studied the influence of crack sizes, aspect ratios and material property on the stress intensity factors along a crack-front under two types thermal loading: calefactive state thermal loading and descent state thermal loading.

第四章研究了含有半椭圆表面裂纹的功能梯度材料板条在稳态温度热载荷作用下的裂纹问题分析，着重考虑了升温载荷及降温载荷作用下应力强度因子在裂纹前沿的分布及材料梯度及裂纹与板的几何尺寸对应力强度因子的影响。

These indexes describe the fabric's thermal properties during the heated process. The heat insulation ratio preferably manifests fabric's insulation property; the difference of calefactive ratio describes dynamic conditions average calefactive case; effective thermal conductivity and compound thermal resistance are mainly considering the wholly testing characteristics and describing the compound thermal property; the response time expresses the time of step response during dynamic testing process. 3. Dynamic heat transmitting properties of fabrics and warmth retention testing methods have been developed; many different textile materials are used for actual test, and the data are analyzed, illustrated, and compared.

这些指标从不同的侧面描述了试验过程中织物试样的传热隔热性能，其中隔热率是从整体上来考虑的指标，它较好的描述了试样的隔热保温性能；升温速率差考虑的是动态变化过程中平均升温变化情况，它的大小表现了织物热性能的差异；名义导热系数和复合热阻是从试验装置的特点出发整体来考虑的热传递指标，描述了铜板、试样、铜板三者复合时的传热性能与隔热性能；而温度动态响应时间表示动态热传递过程中趋于稳态所经历的时间。

These indexes describe the fabric"s thermal properties during the heated process. The heat insulation ratio preferably manifests fabric"s insulation property; the difference of calefactive ratio describes dynamic conditions average calefactive case; effective thermal conductivity and compound thermal resistance are mainly considering the wholly testing characteristics and describing the compound thermal property; the response time expresses the time of step response duringdynamic testing process.3. Dynamic heat transmitting properties of fabrics and warmth retention testing methods have been developed; many different textile materials are used for actual test, and the data are analyzed, illustrated, and compared.

这些指标从不同的侧面描述了试验过程中织物试样的传热隔热性能，其中隔热率是从整体上来考虑的指标，它较好的描述了试样的隔热保温性能；升温速率差考虑的是动态变化过程中平均升温变化情况，它的大小表现了织物热性能的差异；名义导热系数和复合热阻是从试验装置的特点出发整体来考虑的热传递指标，描述了铜板、试样、铜板三者复合时的传热性能与隔热性能；而温度动态响应时间表示动态热传递过程中趋于稳态所经历的时间。

Thermal transfer business card printing and membership card making fanwei hot press transfer business card printing and membership card making and sublimation thermal transfer business card printing and membership card production, deink thermal transfer business card printing and membership card production, flocking thermal transfer business card printing and membership card production, the transfers printed cards.

热转移制卡和会员卡制作主要有热压转移制卡和会员卡制作、升华热转移制卡和会员卡制作、脱墨热转移制卡和会员卡制作、植绒热转移制卡和会员卡制作、热转印制卡等。

The results indicate that the different thermal expansions and elastoplastic properties and distributed randomness of various mineral particles composed of oil shale will lead to the nonuniformity of thermal field, deformation field and stress field in heating process, which makes the particles of oil shale deform incompatibly: and the release of product pyrolysis results in irreversible damages of oil shale material and structure. These are the main reasons for the thermal fracture of oil shale. When oil shale is heated through thermal conduction, temperature transfers slowly, so the spacing between heating well and production well should not be kept too long. When difference exists in oil shale reservoir's properties, heating well should be chosen in the high conductivity region. Oil shale's stratification is vital for developing permeation zone in in-situ retorting. Oil shale will generate additional expansion force as it reaches its pyrolysis temperature, and stratification will be cracked first, so the oil shale stratification should be utilized to enhance its permeability.

研究结果表明：组成油页岩各种矿物颗粒热膨胀和弹塑性性质的不同及其分布的随机性，导致油页岩加热过程中温度场、变形场和应力场的非均匀性，使得油页岩颗粒间变形不协调和油页岩热解产物释放引起油页岩材料与结构性能发生不可逆的劣化损伤，这是油页岩发生热破裂的主要原因；热传导方式加热油页岩，温度的传递比较缓慢，加热井和生产井的间距不宜过大，对油页岩储层性质存在差异时，注热井应选择较高热导率的区段；油页岩的层理对油页岩地下原位开发形成渗透带至关重要，油页岩达到热解温度会产生附加的膨胀力，首先在层理处开裂，应充分利用油页岩层理赋存条件改造其渗透性。

In this paper, the 3-D finite element relocating mesh method is used to calculate the temperature field and the thermal creep stress field of spillway dam and mid level outlet dam in certain roller compacted concrete gravity dam, sensitivity analysis have been down with different parameters, such as placing temperature, the location of cooling pipe, cooling temperature, time for water supply, ascended-layer of concrete, intermissive time and different placing time, and the commendatory construction scheme have been put forward in such analysis; according by the test result on the two scheme of concrete aggregate combination (basalt as coarse aggregate and limestone as fine aggregate, basalt as coarse aggregate and basalt as fine aggregate), simulation analysis on temperature field and thermal creep stress field of the commendatory construction scheme have been down, and analysis have also been down on temperature field and thermal stress field of the two different aggregate combination, the result indicates that the spillway dam and mid level outlet dam which adopted these two aggregate combination can both satisfy the require of design crack resistance in concrete, furthermore limestone as fine is better than basalt as fine aggregate; the effect of summer water storage and winter water storage on the temperature field and thermal stress field have been analyzed, comparing with winter water storage, in summer water storage scheme the maximum tensile stress at abnormal concrete in upstream fill is decreased by 0.1～0.3MPa and there are no evidence change of the maximum tensile stress at other parts, which indicate that summer water storage is avail for the crack resistance of upstream fill; according to the simulation calculating result and comparing temperature simulation calculating results and temperature controlling measures of some similarity projects both completed and construction, synthesis appraise have been carried to the design temperature controlling measures of dam, and the temperature controlling measures of this project have been brought forward, all these have great reference value on the design of temperature controlling measures and the optimization of the construction scheme.

本文采用三维有限元浮动网格法仿真计算程序，对某碾压混凝土重力坝的溢流坝段和中孔坝段分别进行了三维有限元温度场和温度徐变应力仿真计算分析，对浇筑温度、冷却水管的布置方式、冷却水温、通水时间、浇筑升程和间歇时间、不同开始浇筑日期等参数进行了敏感性分析，在此基础上提出了推荐的施工方案；根据两种骨料方案(玄武岩粗骨料+灰岩细骨料方案；玄武岩粗骨料+玄武岩细骨料方案)的混凝土性能试验研究成果，对推荐的施工方案进行了温度场和温度徐变应力仿真计算，并对比分析了两种不同骨料情况下的温度场和温度应力，结果表明溢流坝段及中孔坝段采用上述两种骨料均能满足混凝土的抗裂设计要求，且灰岩细骨料优于玄武岩细骨料；计算分析了夏季蓄水和冬季蓄水对坝体温度场和温度应力的影响，夏季蓄水方案与冬季蓄水方案相比，坝体上游变态混凝土区域最大拉应力小0.1～0.3MPa，其他部位最大拉应力无明显变化，夏季蓄水对坝体上游面混凝土的抗裂有利；根据仿真计算成果并通过比较国内一些已建和在建的类似工程的温度仿真计算成果及采取的温控措施，对大坝的设计温控措施进行了综合评价，并提出了该工程的温控措施，对温控设计和优化施工方案具有重要参考价值。

Liapunov—Schmidt method is one of the most important method in the bifurcation theory.

Liapunov—Schmidt方法是分叉理论的最重要方法之一。

Be courteous -- even when people are most discourteous to you .

要有礼貌──即使当別人对你最不礼貌的时候。