查询词典 thermal

The main work and the originality points of this dissertation could be concluded as the following parts:(1) To analyze systematically the mathematical model of LES of air flow in great space, under the case of isothermal and non-isothermal, as well as the combined action of buoyancy and strain. Some basic problems are studied about the LES application into airflow simulation of great space, such as boundary conditions, spatial difference scheme and time advancing scheme, time step etc., which creates the basis for the LES application to indoor airflow simulation.(2) Both the instantaneous and time averaged flow field of great space with multiple jets under isothermal and non-isothermal cases are explored with large eddy simulation method, and also discussed the dynamic characteristics and the law of fluidflow in the great space.(3) Based on the results of LES of the great space and the Fanger thermal comfort indexes, it is brought forward the concept of the series of dynamic thermal comfort evaluating indexes, which could be divided into thermal comfort index with time averaged properties PD, PPD, PMV, thermal comfort index with instantaneous properties IPD, IPPD, IPMV, and time averaged thermal comfort indexes TAPD, TAPPD, TAPMV, and transient situations time averaged thermal comfort indexes TTAPD, TTAPPD, TTAPMV. The differences among them and the calculation methods are discussed, and the four kinds of indexes are calculated with the thermal comfort index PD as an example.(4) Based on the LES results it is discussed the hot air stratification phenomena in air-conditioned buildings in the case with air supply and return registers on the ceiling and the case on the sidewall. The fundamentals of the hot air stratification are studied and the relations of estimating hot air stratification are brought forward.(5) With the advanced apparatus such as hot wire film anemometer IFA300 and laser particle field anemoscope, corresponding model test and site measurements have been done, which are compared with the simulation results and LES is proved a very promising method in air flow simulation indoor.

本文主要工作既创新点体现在以下几个方面：(1)系统分析了等温、非等温和考虑剪切力与浮升力综合作用的高大空间大涡模拟数学模型，并研究了高大空间大涡模拟在室内气流仿真应用中的一些基本问题，如边界条件、空间离散格式和时间推进格式、时间步长选择等问题，为大涡模拟在室内气流计算中的广泛应用打下了基础；(2)首次用大涡模拟方法研究了高雷诺数下高大空间多射流在等温、非等温情况下的瞬时流场和时均流场分布，并探讨了多射流流场的动态特性和流动规律；(3)基于大涡模拟的动态仿真结果和Fanger的热舒适指标，首次系统地提出了动态热舒适评价指标体系的概念：即基于时间平均参数的热舒适指标PD、PPD、PMV；基于瞬时参数的瞬时热指标IPD、IPPD、IPMV；基于时间平均热舒适指标TAPD、TAPPD、TAPMV；以及沿行动迹线的时间平均热舒适指标TTAPD、TTAPPD、TTAPMV，并分析了四类热舒适指标的差异性和计算方法，还以PD值为例对四类指标分别进行了计算；(4)基于数十种工况下空调房间大涡模拟的结果，研究了空调建筑上送上回和侧送侧回两种情况下热分层现象，并探讨了热分层的基本规律，首次提出了避免热分层现象的判断公式；(5)在暖通空调领域，首次使用IFA300热线风速仪、激光粒子速度场仪等先进设备，完成了与大涡模拟相对应的模型试验，并把实测结果与仿真结果进行了对比，说明LES在室内气流仿真方面是一种很有前景的方法。

There are three categories of maturity indicators of organic matter in current petroleum industry to evaluate the degree of thermal evolution for source rocks, including: 1 optical indicators, i.e., vitrinite reflectance, bitumen reflectance, sporopollen color and thermal alteration index, conodont color alteration index, and reflectance of fossil fragments; 2 chemical indicators, i.e., the maximum temperature in pyrolysis of organic matter, methyl phenanthrene indicator, the atomic ratio of H/C, carbon isotope indicator, and biomarker indicators; 3 indicators of spectroscopy, i.e., the free radical concentration of kerogen, the average structural scale of aromatic nucleus of kerogen, and the laser-Raman spectrum of organic carbon.

摘 要：当前常用的有机质成熟度指标包括3大类：1 光学指标，包括镜质体反射率、沥青反射率、孢粉颜色、热变指数(thermal alteration index， TAI)、牙形石色变指数(color alteration index， CAI)和生物碎屑反射率；2 化学指标，包括有机质最大热解峰温度、甲基菲指数(methyl phenanthrene indicator， MPI)、H/C原子比值、碳同位素指标和生物标志物指标；3 谱学指标，包括干酪根的自由基浓度、干酪根芳核平均结构尺寸和有机碳激光拉曼光谱。

The results show that carefully controlling of deposition conditions and final polishing of the specimens enable us to deposit antireflective infrared diamond coatings on silicon substrate. In order to investigate the thermal properties of diamond coatings nondestructive photo-thermal radiometry method is used with computer simulation and data analysis to get thermal diffusivity and conductivity of the specimens.

本文用光热辐射计量学（Photo-Thermal Radiometry，PTR）方法对于金刚石薄膜的热学特性作了研究，用计算机模拟了热波在样品中的传播过程，用非接触无损检测方法测量了样品，并对测量结果用计算机作数据分析，计算获得金刚石薄膜的热扩散系数及热导率，为金刚石薄膜在热学方面的应用打下了基础。

Organic photochromic materials are potential and practical in the areas of photochromic storage,mo- lecular switches,camouflage materials,and so on,but their unideal thermal stability has been barricading their marketing.

thermal stability ；有机光致变色材料在光存储、分子开关及伪装材料等领域具有潜在应用前景，但热稳定性不足一直是制约其市场化的主要障碍。

Good thermal stability and self-extinguishing behavior was observed with the cured polybenzoxazine resins. Second, furan-containing benzoxazine monomers, P-FBz, BPA-FBz, and 4FP-FBz were prepared using furfurylamine as a raw material. Formation of furfurylamine Mannich bridge networks in the polymerizations of P-FBz and BPA-FBz increased the cross-linking densities and thermal stability of the resulting polybenzoxazines. P-FBz and BPA-FBz- based polymers also exhibited high glass transition temperatures above 300℃, high char yields, and low flammability with a limited oxygen index value of 31. The dielectric (Dk3.21–3.39) and mechanical properties (high storage modulus of 3.0–3.9 GPa and low coefficient of thermal expansion of 37.7– 45.4 ppm) of the P-FBz and BPA-FBz-based polymers were superior or comparable to other polybenzoxazines. 4FP-FBz used for polybenzo- xazine modification by means of formation of benzoxazine hybridation with P-FBz.

第二部份以2-呋喃甲胺为起始物，制备了P-FBz、4FP-FBz与BPA-FBz 三个含呋喃官能基之氧代氮代苯并环己烷的单体；BPA-FBz与P-FBz於开环聚合中形成之Mannich bridge网状结构有效地提升聚氧代氮代苯并环己烷聚合物之交联密度与热安定性；Poly与Poly具有大於300℃之玻璃转移温度、高的焦炭生成率与具有31之极限氧指数(Limited oxygen index， LOI)的难燃性特质，Poly与Poly之介电常数(Dk=3.21~3.39)与机械性质[3.0~3.9 GPa的储存模数与37.7~45.4ppm之低热膨胀系数( Low coefficient of thermal expansion， Low CTE)]均较其他聚氧代氮代苯并环己烷为优；4FP-FBz具有低之介电常数(Dk=2.7)，以其作为降低介电常数之反应型改质剂，与P-FBz混成，证实可有效地降低Poly的介电常数。

It is important to approach air pollutants exposure of motorcyclists in different riding conditions . This study measured the in-riding concentrations of 10 gasoline-related monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by the Solid Sorbent-Thermal Desorption-Gas Chromatography Method .

本研究以固体吸附剂-热脱附-气相层析法(Solid Sorbent-Thermal Desorption-Gas Chromatography)采样分析台北市机车族行驶环境空气中十种与汽油燃烧、溢散相关的单苯环碳氢化合物(Monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons， MAHs )浓度。

Recent findings: Several experimental studies have confirmed the accuracy of the single transpulmonary thermal indicator technique in comparisons with postmortem gravimetric method.

最近发现：几个实验研究已经证实了相对于死后重力测定法，单向跨肺热指示剂法（single transpulmonary thermal indicator）评估肺血管外水分的准确性。

Recent findings: Seeral experimental studies hae confirmed the accuracy of the single transpulmonary thermal indicator technique in comparisons with postmortem graimetric method.

最近发现：几个实验研究已经证实了相对于死后重力测定法，单向跨肺热指示剂法（single transpulmonary thermal indicator）评估肺血管外水分的准确性。

Thermal Barrier Coatings is a kind of ceramic layer of excellent high temperature oxidation resistance as well as very low thermal conductivity, which is deposited onto the surface of substrate by the assistant of bond coat layer. TBCs can effectively reduce the service temperature of the protected substrate, alleviate the thermal shock loading, reduce the requirement for cooling air, and so, the thermal efficiency of apparatus is improved. Therefore, TBCs have been widely used in the fields of space flight, chemical industry, and metallurgy or energy sources industry.

热障涂层(Thermal Barrier Coatings，简称TBCs)是一种陶瓷涂层，具有优良的抗高温氧化和非常低的热传导系数，它通过粘结层沉积在耐高温金属或超合金的表面，可以有效降低被保护基材的服役温度，减轻其热冲击载荷，降低对冷却空气的需求，提高器件的热效率，从而被广泛应用于航空航天、化工、冶金和能源等领域。

Furthermore, future power generation sector will generally use super-critical thermal cycle plant, its thermal efficiency is up to 45~50％. In this way, the benefit of using the electric vehicle will be more obvious.

况且将来我国汽力电厂将普遍采用二代超临界循环热机（super-critical thermal cycle）电厂时，其热效率可达45~50%，这项效益会更明显。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。