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Based on their different experiences, characters, backgrounds of overseas education and comprehension of advantages and disadvantages of the Western art, such masters created different schools of oil painting through their practice: some of them focused on realism, such as Xu Beihong; some of them stressed on the expressionism based on representationalism and realism, such as Liu Haisu; some of them preferred to the relatively modern genres, such as Lin Fengmian.

由于他们各自的经历、性格和在海外教育背景的不同，在吸收西方艺术优长方面有不同的理解，并通过自己的艺术实践，形成了不同的油画学派：有的执着于写实，如徐悲鸿；有的在具像写实的基础上着眼于表现，如刘海粟；或倾向于较为现代的方法，如林风眠。

The term "Guoxue" was born in contrast with "Western Study", but recently Confucianism seems to have been trying to occupy the sole representativity of Guoxue, which has raised many disagreements from different sides.

"国学"本与"西学"相对而诞生，但在近几年的复兴热潮中，首先，儒家有着逐渐独占"国学"的势头，引起各方的关注。

From 1840, Chinese reformist formed the cognition about republicanism during their observation of western political systems.

近代以来，中国早期改良派在对西方国家政治形态的观察中，形成了对共和制度的初步认识。

That, with apologies to Voltaire, seems to have been the initial pathetic response of some western governments to the republication by many European newspapers of several cartoons of Muhammad first published in a Danish newspaper in September.

向伏尔泰说声抱歉，这句话看来是西方政府就欧洲报刊于九月在丹麦报刊出版的默罕默德的几张卡通漫画最初作出的可悲的反应。

Moreover, it is a kind of repulsion against western wooden house.

此外，它是对西方木屋一种排斥。

To explore the writers' self-consciousness, it is inevitable to analyze lots of works and to apply Chinese and Western psychoanalytic theories. I will present the harmony of the writers and the birds' images. Through the birds' narration of their feelings, the writers skillfully communicate the grief and the resentfulness of human nature. Also, I will discuss how mankind transcends the melancholy by reading the articles.

至於探讨的面向有三个，第一是「互诉关怀」，说明对於对方的思念、祝福与慰勉；第二是「唱和争胜」，经由唱和的过程，禽鸟所关涉的旨趣不仅彰显，彼此的感情与写作也有加分效果；第三则是「干谒求职」，这对唐人而言其实是司空见惯的，而禽鸟在这当中所扮演的当然就是作家自己；虽然对於禽鸟选择各有巧思，但都是极力推销的手法。

The eastern part of the grounds served as the residential area, the central section was the main garden and the western portion the inner garden.

庭园的东面是住宅区，中间部分是主要园林，而西面就是内园。

Citri had been selected by ribosome display in previous research. In order to express the scFvs with bio-activity efficiently, the genes of the selected scFvs were transformed into Escherichia coli HB2151 for expressing resoluble antibodies. The expression levels of scFvs were detected by dot blotting and Western blotting, and the expressed scFvs were purified by affinity chromatography, and then the activity of the purified scFvs was tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay .

Citri， Xac高亲和力单链抗体(Single chain variable fragment， scFv)GX13、GX44和GX95，为高效表达具有生物活性的单链抗体，本研究将前期筛选的高亲和力单链抗体基因转入大肠杆菌HB2151中进行可溶性表达，点印迹和Western印迹检测可溶性单链抗体的表达水平，亲和层析纯化表达的单链抗体，酶联免疫吸附法检测纯化单链抗体的抗原结合活性。

The western artists pay close attention to reality and assail malpractices in the society. However, they do these not in pessimistic ways, but in aloof and amusing ways. They point out serious and even critical social problems gently, resourcefully and even recreationally. When dealing with those contradictions and dilemmas, they display extraordinary relaxation, confidence, and aloofness.

西方艺术家关注现实，抨击社会弊端，但并未挟带过去那种悲悲切切的沉重，而是以超越的姿态、戏谑的方式，将严肃的甚至严重的社会问题，以轻松出之，以机智出之，甚至以游戏出之；在处理矛盾和困窘时，心态更加放松，更加自信，更加超脱。

In western world, politeness lays focus on interpersonal equality and cooperation. In China, politeness owns four primary elements: respectfulness, modesty, attitude and refinement.

在西方世界，礼貌建立在人与人平等和合作基础之上，在中国，礼貌有四大基本元素：尊重，谦逊，态度和文雅。

You can buy sweetened beverages, if that suits you.

你若喜欢的话，可以买些含有糖精的混合饮料。

As many of you are probably aware, Nick and Vanessa were recently faced with an embarrasing sex scandal after naked pictures of the two getting jiggy with it in a hot tub surfaced the net.

正如很多你可能知道，尼克和 Vanessa 最近面临一个尴尬的绯闻事件后，赤裸裸的图片两个越来越jiggy与它在浴缸中的一个热点浮现净。