查询词典 the Middle Ages

The period of the High Middle Ages in Europe saw major technological advances, including the adoption through the Silk Road of printing, gunpowder, the astrolabe, and the compass, in many ways sustaining the development of Renaissance Europe and the Age of Exploration.

全盛的中世纪时期，欧洲看到了主要的领先技术，包括采用通过丝绸之路而来的印刷术、黑色火药、星盘和罗盘，以很多方式支持了欧洲文艺复兴和探险时期的发展。

Diamantmuseum Brugge displays a number of unique objects: The interior of the imaginary workshop of Lodewijk van Berquem; a rare replica of the crown of Margaret of York, handmade in Bruges; samples of Bruges' all important imports and exports during its early Middle Ages; original mining equipment and a mine shaft; an exclusive 1:1 scale model of the total quantity of world diamond production; hundreds of genuine manufacturing tools, for sawing, bruting and polishing, used within the diamond industry in Belgium, and, of course, thousands of real diamonds.

布鲁日钻石博物馆展示了若干独特的主题，路德维希·凡·伯克姆的作坊内景；布鲁日手工制作的约克玛格丽特珍贵的王冠复制品；布鲁日在中世纪进出口的所有样品；原始的采矿设备和矿井，一个独一无二的用立方锆制成的表示全世界钻石产量的1比1模型；数百件在布鲁日的钻石业中曾使用过的加工工具，包括用来切割、研磨、抛光的真实的工具，当然，还有几千颗真正的钻石。

The former or the Realist, more numerous in the early Middle Ages (Fredugisus, Rémy d'Auxerre, and John Scotus Eriugena in the ninth century, Gerbert and Odo of Tournai in the Tenth, and William of Chapeaux in the twelfth) attribute to each species a universal essence, to which all the subordinate individuals are tributary.

前者或写实，多在中世纪早期（ Fredugisus ，雷米德欧塞尔，约翰司各脱Eriugena在第九世纪，热尔贝特和Odo的图尔奈在第十，和威廉的开头语中的第十二届）每个属性物种的普遍本质，这是所有的下属个人的支流。

The motet, one of the most important musical form of the high Middle Ages and Renaissance, developed initially during the Notre Dame period out of the clausula , especially the forms: clausulae, which were melismatic sections of organa extracted and fitted with new words and further musical elaboration; conductus , which was a song for one or more voices to be sung rhythmically, most likely in a procession of some sort; and tropes, which were rearrangements of older chants with new words and sometimes new music. All of these genres save one were based upon chant; that is, one of the voies,(usually three, though sometimes four) nearly always the lowest sung a chant melody, though with freely composed note-lengths, over which the other voices sang organum.

所有这些形式都保留一个共同点，那就是它们的发展都基于圣咏，也就是说，几乎总是在最低声部的男高音（通常是3到4个人）演唱圣咏，伴随着这自由沉着的长音，其他人在高声部演唱奥尔加农。

As an important part of Europe reformation, the English reformation had got rid of the reliance of Rome, the autocratic royal power had been enhanced, and attacked the Popes authority and dogman in Middle ages, had broken popery and Vatican unified the political situation of Europe for a long time, national consciousness and national spirit awakened day by day.

作为欧洲宗教运动的重要组成部分，英国的宗教改革摆脱了对罗马教会的依赖，专制王权得到了加强，不但打击了教皇至上的中世纪教条和教皇权威，而且打破了天主教会和罗马教廷长期以来一统欧洲的政治局面，展示出日益觉醒的民族意识和民族精神。

The Byzantine Church never had to function in a power vacuum, as had the papacy in the early Middle Ages

拜占庭教会决不会像中世纪早期的教皇统治那样在权力真空中履行职责。

We can said Humanism is the characteristic of early Renaissance. Through re-find the human being and the world to get out of the darkness Middle Ages, then get into a New Century.

换言之，文艺复兴的早期艺术共同的特色是世俗化的人文主义精神的呈现，透过「人的再发现」与「世界的再发现」，摆脱了黑暗的中古世纪，迎向一个全新的艺术与文化的发展境界。

Two fundamental differences between the Latin Catholic and Greek Orthodox traditions developed during the early Middle Ages.

两个根本分歧拉丁美洲天主教和希腊东正教的传统发达国家在中世纪早期。

Although the Hundred Years' War was fought on French instead of English soil, England also experienced great turmoil during the Later Middle Ages because of internal instability.

虽然「百年战争」是在法国发生的，并非波及英国本土，但中古时代后期的英国国内也动荡不安；主要的原因是内乱接踵而至。

Thomas Aquinas summarized the form ideas of ancient Greek and Middle Ages, and made a systematic exposition on the three elements of aesthetics ( integrity , proportion and splendor).

托马斯·阿奎那总结了古代和中世纪的形式观念，以亚里士多德的形式观念为基础，阐述了美的三要素说；现代新托马斯主义者马利坦、吉尔松复活了亚里士多德的形式观念，并且从存在论(最高的存在即上帝、纯形式)上论证了包括美和艺术在内的整个世界。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。