查询词典 the Middle Ages

The knight's culture is a special kind of culture phenomenon of Middle Ages,under the ultra conservative and proper thought mode of Middle Ages, the knight's love doubtless become whole basinet literature or say a magnificent blossom of the culture realm.

骑士文化是中世纪特有的一种文化现象，在中世纪一板一眼的固有的思维模式下，骑士爱情的出现无疑成为整个中世纪的文学或者说文化领域的一朵奇葩。

The body has 2 sections , the first of which reaches into the Christianity" s influence upon the transformation of Western Europe to feudal society : In the early middle ages Western Europe , Christianity together with the traditional ruling class , had reunified the political power of Roman empire with the help of "Divine Right to govern";In the meanwhile , it had contributed to the ethnic unity of the Roman races and the feudalization of Western Europe ; while the other section deals with the Christianity" s impact upon the transformation of Western Europe to capitalism : in the Late Middle Ages , Western Europe , with the emergence of cities , some social changes had taken place .

正文又分为两个部分：Ⅰ。基督教在西欧向封建社会转型中的作用：在西欧中世纪早期，基督教不仅为日尔曼人的统治提供了一套完备的思想理论体系，而且为孕育于两种不同背景下文化的融合搭起了桥梁，并在此基础上促成了西欧封建制的最终形成。Ⅱ。基督教在西欧向资本主义社会转型中的作用：中世纪后期，随着城市的兴起，西欧社会发生了一系列变化。

Depending on this, we concluded the difference of Zeitgeist between mid ages and pre-modern literature on merchant spirit: either the dominant idea of the mid ages poetry is "powerful commerce leads to underdeveloped farming", or the idea that focuses on "mutual benefits" based on court and local policy; but the beginning of pre-modern literature----- the agreement between scholar-bureaucrats and merchants comes from lightheartedness, joy, sentimental expression and lyrical description expressed by middle period of Ming merchant poetry that deeply reflected the citizenly cultural spirits. Contrast to the poetry on merchant of middle literature, this is the ultimate transformation, showed the mostly characteristic of pre-modern literature priorly .

以此为界说，可以归纳出中世、近世涉及商贾诗歌的不同的时代精神：中世时期的诗歌或以"贾雄则农伤"为其主导思想，或主要着眼于朝廷与地方政策的层面张扬"农商兼利"的思想；而近世文学的起点———明中叶涉及商贾的诗歌往往在自由自在、安享快乐及张扬情欲、舒展性灵等方面有士商心灵的契合，在深层次上反映了市民文化精神，相对于中世涉及商贾的诗歌有根本性的转变，较早地显示出近世文学的主要特征。

Depending on this, we concluded the difference of Zeitgeist between mid ages and pre-modern literature on merchant spirit: either the dominant idea of the mid ages poetry is "powerful commerce leads to underdeveloped farming", or the idea that focuses on "mutual benefits" based on court and local policy; but the beginning of pre-modern literature----- the agreement between scholar-bureaucrats and merchants comes from lightheartedness, joy, sentimental expression and lyrical description expressed by middle period of Ming merchant poetry that deeply reflected the citizenly cultural spirits. Contrast to the poetry on merchant of middle literature, this is the ultimate transformation, showed the mostly characteristic of pre-modern literature priorly .

以此为界说，可以归纳出中世、近世涉及商贾诗歌的不同的时代精神：中世时期的诗歌或以&贾雄则农伤&为其主导思想，或主要着眼于朝廷与地方政策的层面张扬&农商兼利&的思想；而近世文学的起点———明中叶涉及商贾的诗歌往往在自由自在、安享快乐及张扬情欲、舒展性灵等方面有士商心灵的契合，在深层次上反映了市民文化精神，相对于中世涉及商贾的诗歌有根本性的转变，较早地显示出近世文学的主要特征。

As to belief, the "Reverences" to "God" in Middle Ages and to "Reason" in modern times have no difference. If the two beliefs have something in common, then it is the God who had been a god in Middle Ages has changed into the human being in the process of modernization.

中世纪对于&上帝&的&虔敬&与启蒙精神对于&理性&的&虔敬&从信仰层面看来殊无二致，如果说两种信仰具有某种可比性的话，那么从中世纪到近代世界的历史正是上帝由&神&化身为&人&的历史。

"The decline of the Middle Ages resulted from the breakdown of medieval national governments, the great papal schism, the critique of medieval theology and philosophy, and economic and population collapse brought on by famine and disease."

中世纪的衰落源自中世纪民族政府的衰亡、天主教教会的大分裂、中世纪神学和哲学的争辩，以及因饥荒和疾病带来的人口和经济的崩溃。

The land-law of England,"the Herculaneum of Feudalism," is certainly much more closely allied to the land-law of the Middle Ages than that of any Continental country, and Wills with us are frequently used to aid or imitate that preference of the eldest son and his line which is a nearly universal feature in marriage settlements of real property.

英国的土地法，&封建制度的赫鸠妻尼恩城&，当然是更和中世纪的土地法相似而不同于任何大陆国家的土地法，我们的&遗嘱&也就常常被用来助长或效法长子和其亲系的优先权，这成为不动产婚姻授产中几乎普遍的特色。

After analyzing the different understandings on freedom in the development of western philosophy. Thus, we can see clearly the freedom situation of Spinoza"s age . After the old Greek and the Middle Ages, what Spinoza faced is no longer a " naive child " but a "mature young man . Therefore, what he needs to do is to lead it to become strong and understand the reality.

这样，在其中我们就可以清晰看到斯宾诺莎所处时代所面临的自由问题是一种什么样的状况：&自由&在经历了古希腊和中世纪的洗礼之后，斯宾诺莎面对的已经不再是一个幼稚的&孩童&了，而是一个要求走向成熟的&少年&了，因此这时他所要做的就是引导其学会坚强、认识现实。

Thus, we may clearly see after among the modern age locates human's question which the time faces is one kind of any type condition: The language request is rich, the reality existence, after has experienced ancient Greek, the middle ages, the modern philosophy and the modern philosophy baptism, the language already no longer merely was simple ""exchanges the tool"", but was ""the existence family"", after by now therefore the modern age needed to do was but reveals the human nature through the language, they very splendid have completed his task, but simultaneously he actually revealed on the road in this to walk too far, too is far, down to finally extinguished the human nature ball in the nihility, might like this already seriously violate humanity's natural disposition.

这样，在其中我们就可以清晰看到后现代所处时代所面临的人的问题是一种什么样的状况：语言要求的是丰富的、现实的存在，在经历了古希腊、中世纪、近代哲学和现代哲学的洗礼之后，语言已经不再仅仅是一个简单的&交流工具&了，而是&存在的家&了，因此这时后现代所要做的就是通过语言而彰显人性，他们很出色的完成了他的任务，但同时他却在这条彰显之路上走的太远、太远，以至于最终将人性弹灭在虚无之中，可这样已经严重违背了人类的本性。

It was with the fourteenth century that major works of English literature began once again to appear; these include the so-called Pearl Poet's Pearl, Patience, Cleanness, and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight; Langland's political and religious allegory Piers Plowman; Gower's Confessio Amantis; and, of course, the works of Chaucer, the most highly regarded English poet of the Middle Ages, who was seen by his contemporaries as a successor to the great tradition of Virgil and Dante.

这是与14世纪的重大工程的英语文学开始再次出现，其中包括所谓的珍珠诗人的明珠，耐心，洁净，并加文爵士与绿骑士；朗格兰的政治和宗教寓言墩Plowman ；高尔的Confessio Amantis ；，当然，乔叟的作品，最高度重视英国诗人的中世纪，谁是被他同时代的继任者的伟大传统，维吉尔和但丁。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。