查询词典 the Byzantine Empire

Byzantine, as a strong empire of middle ages, which cross the Asia, Europe and Africa, depending the special and complicated position and situation, become a conservator of ancient civilization.

拜占庭，作为一个横跨亚欧非三大洲的中世纪帝国，由于所处的特殊历史环境成为古代文化的保护地。

The council of Ephsus in 431 summed up the development of Mariology and made the Virgin Mary as "Theotokos". This council symbolized the beginning of upsurge to the Blessed Mary in Byzantine Empire. To the eighth Century, the upsurge reached to its climax.

玛利亚论是基督学的副产品，发源于东方教会，由早期教父对玛利亚—夏娃的对比论述逐步衍生发展。431年以弗所会议对玛利亚"天主之母"称号的确立，总结了前一阶段玛利亚论的成果，也标志着拜占廷圣母崇拜热潮的开始。5—8世纪拜占廷教会的圣母崇拜在各方面都达到了一个高峰。

The business revival offered a broad market to the trade. The countries in northwest Europe were relatively lagged and were located in the marginal or submarginal areas of the division of the European market, Byzantine Empire appeared to be fading and faced the interior as well as the exterior circumstances and all these elements gave a upstanding chance to the development of the carrying trade in Italy.

西欧的商业复兴为海外贸易的发展提供了广阔的市场；西北欧国家发展相对滞后并且处于欧洲市场分工的边缘或半边缘地区；拜占庭帝国开始衰落且处于内外交困的境地等，这些都为意大利发展海外贸易提供了良好的机遇。

The famous Arab-Khazar war had not only helped Byzantine to resist the attack of Arabs, simultaneously also had initially laid the foundation for the boundary division of the modern Christianity and Islamism civilized circle, this is the biggest contribution of the Khazar Empire to the world history.

著名的阿拉伯-哈扎尔战争不仅帮助拜占廷抵挡住了阿拉伯人的侵袭，同时也为近现代基督教和伊斯兰教文明圈疆界的划分初步奠定了基础，这就是哈扎尔帝国对世界历史最大的贡献。

The council of Ephsus in 431 summed up the development of Mariology and made the Virgin Mary as "Theotokos". This council symbolized the beginning of upsurge to the Blessed Mary in Byzantine Empire. To the eighth Century, the upsurge reached to its climax.

玛利亚论是基督学的副产品，发源于东方教会，由早期教父对玛利亚—夏娃的对比论述逐步衍生发展。431年以弗所会议对玛利亚&天主之母&称号的确立，总结了前一阶段玛利亚论的成果，也标志着拜占廷圣母崇拜热潮的开始。5—8世纪拜占廷教会的圣母崇拜在各方面都达到了一个高峰。

Theres still controversy about the concept and border of BC. In this essay, I will mainly focus on the East Roman Church in the Medieval Byzantine Empire, especially the church of Constantinople. Sometimes, I would also mention the period after the capture of Constantinople (1453), and the people whose music accept some influence of BC.

学界对拜占庭圣咏的概念和界定尚存争议，本文对拜占庭圣咏的研究主要集中在中世纪拜占庭帝国时期，说希腊语的东罗马帝国教会中所使用的宗教仪式音乐，同时，对拜占庭帝国灭亡(1453年)后的拜占庭圣咏，以及拜占庭周围受其影响地区的圣咏传统加以适当关照。

Thus, from the modern historian's perspective,'Byzantine' might be paraphrased by the more long-winded 'medieval eastern Roman' empire, for that is, in historical terms, what 'Byzantium' really meant.

因而，从现代历史学家的角度去看，&拜占庭&可以解释成更冗长的&中世纪东罗马帝国&，因为从历史观点来看，这才是&拜占庭&一词的真正含义。

A "primacy of honor" belongs to the patriarch of Constantinople, because the city was the seat of the Eastern Roman, or Byzantine, Empire, which between AD320 and 1453 was the center of Eastern Christendom.

&至高无上的荣誉&属于老人家的君士坦丁堡（现stanbul ，土耳其），因为城市是座位的东罗马，或拜占庭帝国，这之间的ad320和1453年是中心的东部基督教。

Chapter 3 the Persian war, chapter 4 the Vandal war, chapter 5 the Gothic war are all about the same issue "Wars and Peace."By analyzing every war's cause, process, I then make a conclusion of Procopius'conception of history. Chapter 6 "Natural Calamity and Human Disaster"analyzes and discusses the Plague of Constantinople in 542-543 and "Nika riot"in 532. In chapter 7 "Legend, Customs and Natural Phenomena", besides a scrutiny of Procopius'history criticism, I examine and sum up three kinds of digressions in this work. The last chapter "Military and Religion"inquires into the military organization , armies of the services, equipments, strategy and tactics, weapons of Byzantine empire. This chapter also probes into the attitude of Procopius on Christian, heresies and paganism; The epilogue is a conclusion of this dissertation, making a systematic exposition on Procopius'conception of history.

对这三大战争的研究，笔者采用述论相结合的方法，首先分析各大战争爆发的原因，然后详细分析战争的过程，纠正普罗柯比的正误、讳言之处，通过与其他史料的相互对比还原历史真相，总结经验教训，最后，在每章的总结部分论述战争的结果及其对交战双方的影响，通过对具体内容的分析归纳总结普罗柯比的历史观；第六章&天灾与人祸&主要对《战记》中记载的542-543 年君士坦丁堡大瘟疫和532 年尼卡暴乱加以分析论述，通过普罗柯比与其他史家记载的对比探寻查士丁尼大瘟疫的起源、传播路径、症状、传染介质、死亡人数、政府对策及其影响等问题，通过对尼卡暴乱目击者记录的分析揭示尼卡暴乱爆发的原因、真实过程，对尼卡暴乱作出公允的评价；在第七章&神话传说、民族风俗和自然现象&中，通过普罗柯比对这三类插话描写的总结和评论，分析他的历史批判法；在最后一章&军事与宗教&中，剥开《战记》的表层内容，对其中蕴含的较深层次的思想内容进行研究，如拜占廷帝国的军队组织、兵种、装备、战略战术、军事武器等内容的探讨，同时也就普罗柯比对基督教和异教、异端的态度加以分析论述；最后的结语部分主要是作全文的总结，阐述普罗柯比的历史观。

The eagle was the original Byzantine style of the Holy Roman Empire is to replace the eagle.

原来拜占廷风格的老鹰被神圣罗马帝国风格的雄鹰取代。

In the negative and interrogative forms, of course, this is identical to the non-emphatic forms.

。但是，在否定句或疑问句里，这种带有"do"的方法表达的效果却没有什么强调的意思。

Go down on one's knees;kneel down

屈膝跪下。。。下跪祈祷