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The environmental economic policy that the general management branch carries out has mainly: city and town land use tax, cultivated land impropriate tax, the city and countryside upkeep builds tax, resources tax, resource comprehensive utilization, comprehensive utilization profit retention environmental protection investment, enterprise renovation of environmental protection investment, cleaning production, finance tax policy and bank environmental protection loan beneficial to the environment, etc.

综合管理部门执行的环境经济政策主要有：城镇土地使用税、耕地占用税、城乡维护建设税、资源税、资源综合利用、综合利用利润留成环保投资、企业更新改造环保投资、清洁生产、有益于环境的财政税收政策、银行环境保护贷款等。

In chain of commodity wholesale, for problem of asymmetric information, the authority put fixed-amount tax on wholesale, this gives rise to a series problems of tax evasion、unfair tax burden、lower tax burden to small-scale taxpayer and indiscoverable artifices in tax evasion. These not only induce huge fiscal loss, but also destroy the principle of taxation on equity.

在商品批发环节，由于税务机关对批发商存在严重的信息不对称问题，导致对批发商普遍采取定额征收的方式，产生了税款严重流失、税负不公平、小规模纳税人实际税负偏低和逃税手段隐蔽等一系列问题，不仅造成了巨大的财政损失，而且破坏了税收的公平性。

Providing that business tax, city maintenance construction tax, education surplus, urban land usage tax, stamp duty, tillable field engrossing tax and deed tax need not be paid during the first phase of construction of the national oil reserve base.

对国家石油储备基地第一期项目建设过程中涉及的营业税、城市维护建设税、教育费附加、城镇土地使用税、印花税、耕地占用税和契税予以免征。

Now our system of real estate rent, tax and fees has many problems. On the one hand, the shortage of the rent makes tax not serious and standard and abets the tendency of collecting unconscionable fees; on the other hand, it leads taxpayer to have the excess burden of taxation. The situation which makes tax unfair, decreases tax base and narrows tax revenue, limits the government's macro-management.

目前我国房地产租税费相互错位，一方面地租不到位，使税收失去了严肃性和规范性，滋长了乱收费的不良风气；另一方面，这种情况也导致纳税人负担过重和税负不均，加之产权关系模糊，结果是未达到平均税负、促进公平的目的，反而造成了税基的缩小和税款的流失，使税收的产业调控功能受到很大限制。

Where a taxpayer or a withholding agent fails to pay, or underpays the amount of tax payable by "tax evasion", the tax authorities shall pursue the payment of the amount of tax which has not been paid or has been underpaid and surcharge and impose a fine of not less than 50% but not more than five times the amount of tax which has not been paid or has been underpaid.

纳税人、扣缴义务人采用偷税手段进行偷税的，由税务机关追缴其不缴或者少缴的税款、滞纳金，并处不缴或者少缴的税款50%以上5倍以下的罚款。

Where a taxpayer or a withholding agent fails to pay or underpays the amount of tax payable by "tax evasion," the tax authorities shall pursue the payment of the amount of tax which has not been paid or has been underpaid and impose a fine of not less than 50% but not more than five times the amount of tax which has not been paid or has been underpaid.

纳税人、扣缴义务人采用偷税手段进行偷税的，由税务机关追缴其不缴或者少缴的税款、滞纳金，并处不缴或者少缴的税款50%以上5倍以下的罚款。

At the same time there are much problems, such as the mistakes of land tax renovation, the unfits of indirect tax, the disorders of direct tax, the bad contidions of local tax, and the low level of tax income, cant be solved as limited by the historial conditions and economic development.

同时，由于受到历史条件和生产力发展水平的制约，近代中国的税收制度及其思想仍有不少应有的历史任务未竟，存在如土地税改革失误，间接税制不尽合理，直接税制不健全，地方税落后以及税收水平较低等诸多问题。

This paper endogens carbon tax and subsidy two variables, discussing how to decide the optimal level of carbon tax and subsidy. The results of the research are obtained as the following:(1) price and capital subsidy which one is priority depend on the productivity of renewable energy capital, if productivity is high enough, then should adopt capital subsidy policy;(2) price and capital subsidy indeed exist trade-off and non-independent relationship;(3) renewable energy regulation ratio has negative effect on carbon tax, however has positive effect on price subsidy;(4) green certificate price increase will result in decrease carbon tax and price subsidy, but increase capital subsidy;(5) if the authority loose the environmental target, then should impose high carbon tax which maintains the environmental quality, but have ambiguous effect on subsidy policy;(6) increasing stability of renewable energy, then increase price subsidy, however, under budget constraint should decrease capital subsidy;(7) analyzing Taiwan's three wind power energy with different price subsidy, which can improve the technology of wind power energy. In another word, it can raise the capacity of wind power energy and reach the goal of renewable energy.

本文考量政府预算限制下，探讨最适碳税税率与补贴率订定之问题，获得如下发现：(1)发电量补贴与资本补贴对促进再生能源发展效果不一样，决定於再生能源资本的生产力，如果资本生产力足够高，则发电量补贴效果较佳；反之，则应优先采行资本补贴措施；(2)发电量补贴与资本补贴的确存在抵换而非独立关系，亦即在政府预算限制下，为促进再生能源发展，应将种种补贴措施整合考量，以最低行政成本达到再生能源发展目标；(3)再生能源管制配比与碳税税率及资本补贴率呈反向变化关系；而与发电量补贴呈正向关系；(4)绿色权证交易制度具促进再生能源管制目标达到之奖励效果，因此，绿色权证价格提高可降低发电量补贴及碳税税率，降低碳税对经济不利冲击效果；(5)政府如果采行较宽松环境目标，宜提高碳税税率，避免环境品质进一步恶化，然而，对发电量或资本补贴之影响效果不确定；(6)再生能源发电效率愈高，则应提高再生能源发电补贴，在预算限制下，应降低再生能源资本补贴；(7)透过台湾三座风力机组的实证分析，采取差异性发电量补贴，将可诱导较高效率风力机组的投资行为，提高整体风力发电效率，达到再生能源发展之目标。

But there's also a powerful financial reason behind the preference, and that has to do with taxes. The tax code makes Berkshire's owning 80% or more of a business far more profitable for us, proportionately, than our owning a smaller share. When a company we own all of earns $1 million after tax, the entire amount inures to our benefit. If the $1 million is upstreamed to Berkshire, we owe no tax on the dividend. And, if the earnings are retained and we were to sell the subsidiary - not likely at Berkshire!- for $1 million more than we paid for it, we would owe no capital gains tax. That's because our "tax cost" upon sale would include both what we paid for the business and all earnings it subsequently retained.

当然除此之外还有一个重大的财务理由，而且是跟税负有关，根据税法规定，持有80%以上的股权比起拥有少数股权对Berkshire要有利的多，当一家完全由我们持有的公司税后赚了100万美元，这笔钱将全数纳到我们的口袋里，Berkshire不会因为收到股利而被课任何的税，而且如果我们将盈余全数保留，之后再把这家子公司出售-当然Berkshire是不可能做这样的事，那么就算之后的卖价超过100万美元，我们也不必为此支付任何的资本利得税，原因在于我们在税法上的成本包含我们先前买下该公司的成本以及以后年度保留的所有盈余。

In detail, four important indexes are applied to evaluate the correlations of tax allowance, trade, structure and growth, such as correlation coefficient, macroscopicai tax burden, microcosmic ax burden and elasticity coefficient Methodology Methodologically, besides general rules on studying economy and tax, I also apply the modern tax-research methods such metric analysis and demonstration analysis to explore widely the relations among the tax allowance, trade, growth and structure.

在研究方法上，本文在研究经济税收关联关系一般规律基础上，综合运用现代税收的计量分析和实证分析方法，对经济税收的总量关系、分量关系、增长关系和结构关系等进行全面考察。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。