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Coding and non-coding sequences are expected to have very different patterns of sequence changes because of the following characteristics of coding sequences: biased codon composition, higher conservation, absence of stop codons and frameshifts, higher fraction of synonymous than nonsynonymous substitutions, higher frequency of substitutions corresponding to changes of chemically similar amino acids, higher proportion of mutable contexts.

我们可以预期可转录的序列及不可转录的序列会有相当不同的序列改变特徵，因为可转录的序列有以下特色：偏颇的密码子组成，较高的保存度，有终止密码子和移码的出现，相较於异义取代有较高比例的同义取代，较高的频率出现化学结构相似的胺基酸取代，较高比例的可变之前后序列。

The ratio between nonsynonymous and synonymous substitutions for CP gene is 0.092 which indicated the negative selective pressure for amino acid changes. No distinct correlation was found among isolate s in different years or different isolates in one year in a

灰飞虱的 RAPO聚类分析结果与病毒CP基因的系统发育分析结果具有一些相似性，初步暗示了 RSV与灰飞虱很可能是共同进化的。

Over the past two decades, there have been several approximate methods that adopt different mutation models and used for estimating nonsynonymous and synonymous substitution rates based on protein-coding sequences across species or even different evolutionary lineages.

近日，中国科学院北京基因组研究所基因组科学及信息重点实验室通过引入新的参数构造模型，发展了一个新的ka/ks算法，该研究成果在近期出版的 Biology Direct 杂志上发表。比较基因组分析是研究生物进化关系的基本工具，非同义替换率和同义替换率的计算是研究分子进化动力学的重要内容。

Methods Blood samples were obtained from 5 patients with AIDS, the C2~C3 region of HIV-1 envelope gene was amplified by nested polymerse chain reaction from plasma of each patient, and then subject to sequencing, clonal-quasispecies analysis, and the accumulation of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions as well as ds/dn ratios were calculated.

采用套式聚合酶链反应方法对5例艾滋病患者血浆HIV-1 env基因C2~V3区进行PCR扩增，产物经纯化后克隆至pMD-18T载体中，每例患者分别挑取5~8个克隆，共34株，完成阳性克隆的鉴定、抽提纯化和测序，将获得的DNA序列及核苷酸序列进行分析，并计算其核苷酸同源替换率与非同源替换率的比值。

Blood samples were obtained from 5 patients with AIDS, the C2~C3 region of HIV-1 envelope gene was amplified by nested polymerse chain reaction from plasma of each patient, and then subject to sequencing, clonal-quasispecies analysis, and the accumulation of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions as well as ds/dn ratios were calculated.

采用巢式PCR方法对5例艾滋病患者血浆HIV-1env基因C2~V3区进行PCR扩增，产物经纯化后克隆至pMD-18T载体中，每例患者分别挑取5~8个克隆，共34株，完成阳性克隆的鉴定、抽提纯化和测序，将获得的DNA序列及氨基酸序列进行分析，并计算其氨基酸同源替换率与非同源替换率的比值。

These results indicated that the genetic variation within exon 2 appeared to have largely arisen by gene recombination and balancing selection. Alignment of the deduced amino acid sequences of the β1 domain coded by exon 2 revealed 6 synonymous mutations and 27 nonsynonymous substitutions at the 33 disparate sites.

对B-LBⅡ等位基因第二外显子所编码的B-LBⅡ分子β1结构域氨基酸序列比对发现，31个B-LBⅡ新等位基因属于26个等位基因主型；在β1结构域氨基酸序列的33个变异位点上，存在6个同义替换和27个错义替换。

He SPRY domain of TRIM5α, which may be responsible for recognition of incoming viral capsids showed higher nonsynonymous/synonymous substitution ratios than the non-SPRY domain, indicating that the adaptive evolution of TRIM5α in primates might be an innate strategy developed in defending retrovirus infection during primate evolution.

RIM5α的 SPRY 结构域可能负责识别入侵病毒的衣壳，这个结构域比基因的其它部分在进化过程中具有更高的错义突变同义突变比率，表明 TRIM5α的适应性进化可能是灵长类发展抗反转录病毒感染策略的结果。

Compared with other HPV16 reference sequence, nucleotide sequencinganalysis of the HPV16 E6, E7 and L1 gene from Cervical Carcinoma Biopsis in Chengdu city and Chongqing of China consistently shows point mutations,including synonymous mutation and nonsynonymous mutation. This researchwill be helpful in preventing cervical cancer and designing vaccines which isspecific for the women in the two regions of China.

与标准序列比较，中国成渝地区HPV16亚型L1、E6和E7基因存在一定范围的变异，提示我们，在预防治疗成渝地区妇女宫颈癌病人以及研制开发针对成渝地区预防宫颈癌的HPV疫苗时，需要注意这些位点的变异，特别是一些引起氨基酸变异的位点。

All kinds of these study results, including analyzing the nucleotide composition, the amino acid composition, the nucleotide diversity, the synonymous and the nonsynonymous, the transition and the transvertion, the frequencies of the codon used, the construction (including four stems and four loops) of tRNAleu,the phylogeny,suggest that great distinctness present among the genera and small difference even none among species.

在各种分析中(包括核苷酸基本组成分析；氨基酸基本组成分析；核苷酸多样性分析；非同义替代和同义替代分析；密码子使用频率分析；转换与颠换分析；tRNAleu基因的四臂四环二级结构分析；&翻译启始&和&翻译终止&在进化过程中的变化；系统发育分析)，属间的差异相当明显，而种间差异很小甚至是没有任何不同之处。

COP: synonymous with idiopathic bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia, patchy bilateral consolidation more frequently in the lower zones; subplueral or peribronchial distribution; ground-glass opacification with bronchiectasis at the edges of areas of consolidation.

临床上主要见于40~50岁的吸烟者，男女比例为2：1，症状较轻，呈干咳和气短，逐渐加重，可在几周至几月后进展为呼吸衰竭，约半数病人有杵状指，肺功能检查呈正常或轻度限制性通气障碍。皮质激素治疗有效，预后良好。

As she looked at Warrington's manly face, and dark, melancholy eyes, she had settled in her mind that he must have been the victim of an unhappy attachment.

每逢看到沃林顿那刚毅的脸，那乌黑、忧郁的眼睛，她便会相信，他一定作过不幸的爱情的受害者。

Maybe they'll disappear into a pothole.

也许他们将在壶穴里消失