查询词典 surveying compass

Fist, comprehensive analysis on the current study on data processing is made, and characters of Newton methods about nonlinear surveying and mapping data processing are discussed, and then new solutions to parameters estimate with multi-sources, multi-types, multi-dimension, multi-precision bynonlinear least square are presented such as PSB algorithm, digital continuation and generalized digital continuation algorithm, cone model method, tensor analysis method, GCMA(mixed algorithm of gradient method and conjugate gradient method), combining algorithm based on Newton method and gradient method and confidence region and so on, and a new fast difference iterative algorithm is proposed towards parameters estimation containing random parameters in nonlinear models, and a new solutions to nonlinear least squares surveying and mapping adjustment by parameters estimation both considering the random and nonrandom parameters is presented after studying on nonlinear data processing in deformation monitoring, and at last primary analysis on error propagation of spatial data is made and approximate error propagation formula and error analysis formula to length and area are proposed.

首先比较全面分析了目前测量数据处理理论的研究现状，讨论了牛顿类方法在处理非线性模型参数估计方面的特点，研究并给出了求解多源、多类型、多维、多精度、非线性最小二乘测量平差参数估计的若干种新方法，这包括PSB算法、数值延拓及其广义数值延拓算法、锥模型法、张量分析法、基于最速下降法和牛顿法的组合算法、基于最速下降

In February 2003, at the national public research institutes reform type, geographic information systems and mapping projects with the State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping Institute of the Institute of Geographical Names merger, changed its name to map and Geographic Information Systems Research Institute, Canada linked to the State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping Toponymy the brand.

2003年2月，在国家公益型科研院所改革中，地理信息系统与地图工程研究所与国家测绘局地名研究所合并，更名为地图学与地理信息系统研究所，加挂国家测绘局地名研究所牌子。

The efficiency is poor and the precision is unassured in traditional jacked-pipe construction surveying. Control system in jacked-pipe construction surveying with total station is introduced, which adopts single-station and simultaneously center-line-taking and elevation control. In the process, the instrument is connected with portable computer providing corresponding software. The locus of spots is shown in time, the center line direction of pipe and the deviation of elevation is directly obtained at the same time.

传统的顶管施工测量，效率低而昆精度又难以保证，本文介绍的全站仪顶管施工测量控制系统，采用一站式实时中线和高程控制，仪器与便携式电脑连接配以相应软件，不仅即时显示测点的轨迹，同时可直接得到管中线方向及高程的偏差。

GPS surveying based on GPS reference station network can improve the reliability and veracity, eliminate and weaken the infection of atmosphere error and orbit error which is relative to time and space in the observation of GPS surveying, which makes the rapid static pointing and RTK dynamic pointing of medium and long distance into reality, and has virtues of acquirable WGS84 coordinate directly.

采用基于GPS基准网的GPS测量可以提高GPS测量的可靠性和准确性，可以消除和减小GPS测量观测值中与时间和空间相关的大气误差和轨道误差的影响，使中、长距离快速静态定位和RTK动态定位成为现实，还具有可直接得到WGS84Z坐标等优点。

Under the technology support of GPS attitude determination and tide surveying, the accuracy of depth determination can be got RMS 0.141m to relative to traditional method of bathymetric surveying.

根据 GPS 测姿技术和潮位测量技术衍生出来的无验潮模式下的水下地形测量技术，在保证测量精度的情况下，提高了作业效率，简化了工作流程。

Based on the above new concept and method, a new idea of developing a marine three-dimensional surveying instrument is further given in this paper, which is very important, significant and beneficial to the future bathymetric surveying in the world.

这对于海洋测量由2+1维过渡到真3维具有重要理论意义；对海底地形测量来说具有重大应用价值。

The traditional cadastral surveying is replaced by digital cadastral surveying because of the rapid development of information technique.

地籍空间数据质量是地籍数据更新、信息查询与分析的基础。

Such as the epeiric sea surveying cables, the nil-magnetical cable for ocean magnetic surveying meter, the ocean instrument cables, the ocean camera cable, the tide gauge special cable, the ocean buoy cable, the undersea communication cable, as well as the light and electricity compound cable for ocean survey, etc.

如浅海探测电缆；海洋磁探仪用无磁电缆；海洋仪表电缆；海洋摄像机电缆；验潮仪专用电缆；海洋浮标电缆；海底通信电缆；海洋探测用光电复合缆等。

The groundwork and achievement of the thesis are as follows:The text analyses the area surveying which is one of the focus questions in the real estate surveying at present and discusses origin and also provides ways at last. The text plays a key role in resolving issuable cases in the area amount of the house.

论文的主要工作及成果如下：商品房销售中的面积纠纷问题已成为购房者投诉较为集中的一个问题，本文在分析房屋面积量算问题的基础上，探讨了该问题的起因，提出了解决方案，对解决房屋面积量算纠纷问题有一定的借鉴作用。

The bare land surveying and related studies in Taiwan are by either on-site surveying or aerial photogrammetric method.

国内裸露地测绘及其相关研究，多半以实地调查或以航测方式进行。

More direct, directer ; most direct, directest

径直的，笔直的

Do you know how to use a chain saw?

你知道如何使用链锯吗？