查询词典 surface of the soil

Main contents of the course includes: related conceptions, matter of soil, soil texture, soil organic matter, soil humus, soil structure, soil moisture, soil air, soil acidity and soil alkalinity, soil colloid, cation exchange, soil former soil-forming process, soil classification, distributions and properties of soil great group in China (fores soil, steppe soil, main non-zonal soil, paddy soil, etc), soil erosion, soil contamination, soil utilization, conservation of soil resource, soil investigation, etc.

土壤地理学是地理科学专业的主要基础课程之一，是一门必修课程；要求掌握土壤地理学基本的理论、知识和方法；主要内容有：有关概念、土壤组成物质、土壤质地、土壤有机质、土壤腐殖质、土壤结构、土壤水分、土壤空气、土壤酸碱性、土壤胶体、土壤阳离子交换、土壤形成因素、土壤形成过程、土壤分类、中国主要土壤类型（森林土壤、草原土壤、主要的非地带性土壤、水稻土等）的分布及其性质、土壤侵蚀、土壤污染、土壤资源的利用与保护、土壤调查研究等。

In addition, some modifications on several computational methods are also presented. Using LMTO method the electronic structure of several systems are studied, and some results are obtained. They are: The ideal Nb (100) surface has three surface states, the multi-layer relaxed surface has two surface states. The surface energy of the ideal surface is higher than that of the relaxed surface, that means that the multi-layer relaxed surface is more stable than the former one, which supports the LEED results. The mono-layer relaxed Ag (111) surface is the most stable one among several" stable surface models"presented by several researchers. The surface energy of Ag (111) surface is higher than that of surface Ag (001), which supports some experimental results such as different reaction rate at different surface orientations for the same material. The surafce states of Si (111) surface not only locate near the Fermi level, but also in the valence band, which agrees well with Cohen's conclusion. Si (111)-H is an effective model for analysing the surface states and H adsorbed on the back surface is a good method for improving the convincingness of the results obtained on thinner slab models. The surface stability depends on three different kinds of MoSi〓(001) surfaces, the surface with mono-layer Si is the most stable one, and the surface with Mo at the first layer is the most unstable one among them. These are consistant with the Kemoda's experimental results. The valence bands of clean or K adsorbed CdTe (111) surface agrees well with the synchrotron radiation studies. The surface of CdTe (111) consists of four kinds of surface models which show different surface electronic structures and different surface structure stabilities. The conclusion agrees well with Wu's experimental work. The different absorbed alkali metals on the CdTe (111) surface give different adsorption characteristics which have relations not only with the valence electrons, but also with the core ones of the alkali metals. The electonic structures of Si-C alloys are different from that of Si-Ge alloys, and the energy band gaps of Si-C alloys do not increase linearly with Carbon concentration, our conclusion supports Alexander's results, but conflicts with Soref's one.

现分述如下： LMTO方法及其应用方面：1）通过对Nb（100）表面电子态分析发现清洁理想表面有三个表面态，多层弛豫表面有两个表面态；表面能大小说明多层弛豫表面更稳定，支持了LEED结果。2）通过对采用不同方法获得的几种不同Ag（111）表面稳定结构的表面能计算分析，给出了单层弛豫表面为Ag（111）表面的最稳定结构；从Ag（111）单层弛豫表面和Ag（001）表面的表面能比较，发现了Ag（001）表面表面能要比Ag（111）小的，表明了同种物质不同表面取向将表现出不同物理、化学性质，这是与实验中得出的结论是吻合的，3）通过对Si（111）表面态分析，不仅发现了Si（111）表面不仅具有居于费米能级附近的悬挂键所对应的表面态，而且还有很多表面态位于价带能量范围内，与Cohen等结果一致，H饱和slab模型背表面相当于增加了slab层的厚度，是一有效的变相增加slab层厚的方法，弛豫表面较清洁理想表面价带谱们低能端的少许移动，预示着总能降低，说明弛豫表面较清洁理想表面稳定。4）MoSi〓具有三种表面，从费米能级上态密度值大小得到单层Si表面最稳定，Mo原子为表层原子的表面最不稳定，双层Si原子表面居中的结论，这与Kemoda等人实验结果是一致的。5）通过对CdTe（111）表面表面电子态、表面结构稳定性及表面H、碱金属吸附的电子结构系列研究，不仅得出了CdTe（111）清洁及碱金属K吸附价带谱与同步辐射光电子谱相吻合的结果，而且发现了CdTe（111）表面具有四类不同原子近邻特征，表现出四类不同的表面结构及电子结构特征：不同表面态分布、不同的表面结构稳定性（表层原子与次层原子成三键有一悬挂键的表面要比表层原子与次层原子成一键有三悬挂键稳定（与Wu等人实验结果一致））、不同的H吸附特性。

Compared carbon pools and turnovertime under different soil types, the result shows: soil total organic carbon is grey cinnamonforest soil＞dark-brown soil＞meadow soil＞brown coniferous forest soil＞red soil＞yellowsoil＞yellow brown soil＞paddy soil＞red soil＞flubo-aquic soil＞fengsha soil,temperate forest soil＞subtropical forest soil＞subtropical cropland soil＞temperate dry soil.Active carbon is temperate forest soil＞subtropical soil.

对不同土壤类型的碳库及其驻留时间进行比较，得出：有机碳含量呈现：灰褐土＞暗棕壤＞草甸土＞棕色针叶林土＞红壤＞黄壤＞黄棕壤＞水稻土＞农田红壤＞潮土＞风沙土，温带森林土壤＞亚热带森林土壤＞亚热带农田土壤＞温带干旱土壤；活性碳含量是温带森林土壤＞亚热带的土壤。

The paper fristly compared the fertile soil with the incinerated sterile soil on the number of micro-algae , soil pH value , soil organic matter soil available phosphorus and soil nitrogen.And then, the author put fertile soil, which included micro-algae, proportionally into sterile samples and cultivated them respectively under illumination condition (micro-algae can live and reproduce)and dark condition(micro-algae will die in some time).The above indices were measured in 0, 30, 60 and 90days respectively, The analyse of the interrelation between the change of micro-algae"s number and the changes of soil pH value, soil organic matter, soil available phosphorus and soil nitrogen indicated:Soil micro-algae which were native to fertile soil conld adapt to the changed circumstance and light acted as a decisive role to the distribution of soil micro-algae.Under dark condition,the micro-algae"s number declined gradually and went to zero in the end,while under illumination condition ,on the 90th day, the micro-algaes number of per gramme was 6-7 times more than that of the beginning.

本文首先对肥沃土壤与经高温焚烧后的贫瘠土壤中的微藻数量、土壤pH值、有机质含量、有效磷含量和全氮量进行比较研究，然后将包含微藻的绿化苗圃地肥土按不同比例接种进入贫瘠土样中，分别在光照条件和黑暗条件下进行培养，在0天、30天、60天和90天分别检测以上指标，比较有光条件和无光条件下，即有藻条件和无藻条件下贫瘠土样所发生的变化，并分别对微藻数量的变化与土壤pH值、有机质含量、有效磷含量和全氮量的变化之间做相关性分析，以评估肥沃土壤中的微藻接种进入贫瘠土壤后的生长情况以及对贫瘠土壤的改良作用。

Determined by the specific geological background of Longhetun, the characteristics of the soil resources show abundant calcium and leaning to alkaline. Monomial indexes to evaluate the revisal coefficient of soil adapted to karst mountains areas were screened out combined with the function of karst dynamics system and analysis of characters of each factor about fertility in soil. Predigestion model to soil revisal coefficient monomial assessment was established by successful importation of the content of nutrition elements in plant body, latent efficient elements in soil and available thickness of soil in the cranny of epikarst according to the characters that three carriers of soil, soil water and karst water supply nutrition to plants and two layers of foundation consist of surface soil and soil in epikarst cranny, and several types of soil revisal coefficient and weather-soil productive potentiality were calculated, the results show that the soil revisal coefficient was even more practical after modification than before, which make up of innovation of this study.

龙何屯特殊的地质背景条件决定了耕地土壤资源的富钙偏碱的特点，结合岩溶动力系统的作用，系统分析土壤中各肥力因子的特点，筛选出适宜岩溶石山区特点的土壤订正系数评价单项指标，针对研究区存在土壤、土壤水、岩溶水三种载体提供植物营养和表层土、土下表层岩溶带裂隙土两层空间基质的特点，成功引入植物体内营养元素含量、土壤元素隐性有效态含量及土下表层岩溶带裂隙土有效厚度等新参数指标，探讨建立了土壤订正系数单项指标评价简化模型，计算出龙何屯各耕地类型土壤订正系数和气候-土地生产潜力，结果显示修正后的土壤订正系数比修正前更符合实际，成为本研究的创新点。

The result showed that the spatial variability of the soil bulkinthis area was complicated and there was not a certain variation.The soil bulk density of loamy soil was(1.55±0.09)g/cm3,the soil bulk density of sandy soil was(1.43±0.16)g/cm3 and the soil bulk density of clayey soil was(1.54±0.07)g/cm3.The soil bulk density of the cross-bedding soil composed by sandy soil and clayey soil was(1.47±0.12)g/cm3.The soil showed a tendencyto be compacted.

结果显示，研究区域土壤容重的空间变异情况复杂，无确定的变化规律；壤质类土壤的容重值为(1.55±0.09)g/cm3，砂质类土壤的容重值为(1.43±0.16)g/cm3，粘质类土壤的容重值为(1.54±0.07)g/cm3，粘砂交错层的土壤容重值为(1.47±0.12)g/cm3，土壤呈紧实趋势。

G.E.Hubb root is from 0.20mm to 0.50mm, and 95% roots, diameter is thinner than 0.40mm. The total surface areas of roots is 10139.68cm^2, and the surface areas of roots is about 2 to 3 times to soil surface areas in the surface layer. Enlacing sod concretion to soil profile of Eulaliopsis binata G.E. Hubb root and the gigantic adsorption to soil grains of root surface are the mechanism why Eulaliopsis binata G.E. Hubb can reduce null and water loss significantly. The monitoring result from 2003 to 2004 indicates that, when the gradient is 12 degrees, the runoff rate of planting Eulaliopsis binata Retz. G.E. Hubb completely after changing slope land to ladder (PECC, so as the follows is only 49.90m^3/hm^2?yr. and the soil loss rate is 155.78kg/hm^2?yr, however, the runoff rate of fanning and being not change slope land to ladder is 314.29m^3/hm^2?yr that is 6.30 times to PECC ,and the soil loss rate is 3322.50 that is 21.33 times to PECC; When the gradient is 24 degrees, the runoff rate of planting eulaliopsis binata G.E, Hubb in the ridge and border slope land after changing slope land to ladder is 248.04m^3/hm^3?yr and the soil loss rate is 612.00kg/hm^3?yr. the runoff rate of PECC is only 42.44m^3/hm^2?yr and the soil loss rate is 153.75kg/hm^2?yr, however, the runoff rate of ENC reaches to 785.73m^3/hm62?yr that is 3.17 times to PERBC and 18.52 times to PECC, and the soil lose rate reaches to 37503m^3/hm^2 yr that is 61.33 times to PERBC and 244.12 times to PECC.

蓑草根系平均直径0.20~0.50mm， 95%的根系平均直径小于0.40mm，根系总表面积10139.68cm^2，在土壤表层根系表面积高达土体表面积的2~3倍，根系表面对土壤颗粒的巨大吸附作用是蓑草显著提高土壤抗侵蚀能力的另一个重要原因。2003~2004年的监测结果表明，在12度坡度情况下，坡改梯后净作蓑草年径流量仅49.90立方公尺/hm^2，年土壤流失量为155.78kg/hm^2，而未坡改梯且农作情况下，年径流量314.29立方公尺／hm^2为前者的6.30倍，年土壤流失量3322.50Kg/hm^2为前者的21.33倍；在24度坡度情况下，坡改梯后土埂及边坡种植蓑草、坡面农作年径流量248.04立方公尺/hm^2，年土壤流失量612.00kg/hm^2，坡改梯后净作蓑草径流量42.44立方公尺/hm^2，土坡流失量l53.75kg/hm^2，而未坡改梯且农作情况下年径流量高达785.73立方公尺/hm^2，分别为处理1的3.17倍，处理2的18.52倍，年土壤流失量高达37503kg/hm^2，分别为处理1的61.33倍，处理2的244.12倍。

By analyzing soil quality of 4 kinds of land use types in Kalamay agriculture development area according to principal component analysis, we draw the conclusions: nature shrub tree land is affected little by mankind, a great deal of organic matter return to soil every year, and root system can improve soil physical quality, can absorb salt from soil, so the soil quality of nature shrub tree land is the best; the soil quality of farmland is better than the soil quality of manpower Tamarix Bulrush land, which may be reasoned that man make for soil quality by irrigation to exclude salt and fertilizing organic muck in the earlier oasis digging up period. Soil physical qualities of tree land get harden and worsen for flooding irrigation, furthermore climate in Kalamay is dry and rainless , the other irrigation is very long time after the former one, so soil get harden severity and result soil physical quality get worse and worse.

利用主成分分析法分析新疆克拉玛依农业开发区四种土地利用方式下的土壤质量，得出：天然灌木林地，受人为影响较小，每年有大量有机物质返还土壤，且天然灌木的根系可以很好的改良土壤的物理性质，同时所选天然灌木林灌木多是耐盐碱并且本身又具有吸收积累来自土壤的盐分，土壤质量最好；农田受到的人为影响最大，但农田综合得分却好于人工柽柳芦苇地综合得分，这可能是由于在开垦初期的绿洲农田，受到了人们灌水压盐及增施各种有机无机肥料等有利于土壤质量提高的措施所致；乔木林地，由于人们用大水漫灌的方式灌溉，致使林地土壤变得板结，土壤物理性质下降，加上克拉玛依地区气候干燥少雨，一次灌溉后较长时间后才有下一次灌溉，致使土壤理化性质恶化，土壤质量不高。

In addition, there are constrained by the rock of the limestone soil and purple soil, and thick bone soil, paddy soil, brown soil, aquic soil, peat, marsh land, Carboniferous soil, rocky soil, mountain meadow soil, red clay, the new soil, such as soil type.

此外，还有受母岩制约的石灰土和紫色土、粗骨土、水稻土、棕壤、潮土、泥炭土、沼泽土、石炭土、石质土、山地草甸土、红粘土、新积土等土类。

By field and indoor test, the paper measures soil physical property, soilmoisture constant and soil water movement parameter, provides the soil specificgravity , the soil apparent density, the soil fraction, the soil field moisturecapacity, the soil saturated moisture capacity, the soil percent moisture content ofcom germination and seedlings emergence, the corn wilting point, and alsoestablishes the equation of soil water retention curves, the equation of soil waterdispersion coefficient and the relationship between pressure and soil apparentdensity, and so those provides the parameter for numerical simulation.

通过田间和室内试验，测定了供试土壤的物理性质、土壤水分常数和土壤水分运动参数，得到了该土样的比重、容重、机械组成、田间持水率、饱和含水率、玉米种子发芽出苗土壤含水率、玉米凋萎系数，给出了土壤水分特征曲线方程、土壤水分扩散系数方程及土壤容重与土壤压紧力的关系，提供了数值模拟过程中所需的参数。

The production moved off-Broadway to New York City, where she won the Joseph E. Calloway award for her performance, and was profiled in American Theater Magazine as one of ten young theater artists to watch.

生产提出过百老汇的新的纽约市，在那里她赢得了约瑟夫calloway奖，她的表现，并于异型在美国的战区杂志之一， 10战区的青年艺术家观赏。

It's a risk tradeoff, and I believe that adding test support code usually wins.

这是一个风险的权衡，我相信添加测试代码通常会占上风。