查询词典 surface element

The main factors affecting the soil-structure interface behaviors were found experimentally and theoretically, including: 1 the thickness of the interface that is five to six times the average grain size of the soil; 2 the aeolotropy of interface, which is responsible for anisotropic response of the stress-strain response of the interface; 3 two physical states, including crashing and compression of the soil near the structure surface, which govern the stress-strain response of the interface strongly; 4 two shear deformation components due to sliding and constraint of the structure surface relative to the soil respectively, which forms the deformation of the interface; 5 the volumetric strain due to dilatancy, which is found to be composed of a reversible dilatancy component and an irreversible dilatancy component. 4. A unified constitutive model of the interface, based on new elasto-plasticity damage theory, was developed. It was confirmed to be effective for the conditions considering monotonic and cyclic shearing, coupling effect of shear and volumetric strains, evolution of physical state, micro-structure aeolotropy of the soil and the resulting aeolotropy of the interface as well as the three normal boundary conditions stated above. 5. 2D and 3D finite element formulations of the present model were derived and incorporated into the FEM codes. They were applied to the evaluation of practical engineering problems with different typical interfaces between soil and structure. The new model was shown to be reasonable and effective.

确定了粗粒土与结构接触面厚度约为5～6倍的平均粒径，首次揭示了接触面的细观结构异向性以及由此所引起的宏观剪切异向性，发现了在单调和往返剪切荷载作用下土颗粒破碎和剪切压密两种物态变化机制共同支配着接触面力学性质的变化，通过细观分析证实了接触面的变形可分解为一般同时发生的土与结构交界面上的滑移变形以及结构面位移约束范围之内土体本身的剪切变形两部分，观测到接触面受剪时表现出明显的相对法向位移，并可分解为可逆性和不可逆性两个分量；(4)建立了第一个能够统一地描述单调与往返剪切特性、剪应变与体应变耦合特性、细观结构和宏观剪切异向性以及土颗粒破碎等物态变化特性的土与结构接触面弹塑性损伤本构数学模型，并采用多种法向边界条件复杂加载路径的试验成果验证了新模型的合理性和有效性；(5)提出了新模型的二、三维有限元格式并结合实际边值问题进行了应用计算分析，比较了不同接触面本构模型对计算结果的影响，证实了新模型及其有限元格式不仅能够合理地描述土与结构接触面的主要力学特性，还能够较好地反映土体与结构物在接触面处的滑移、脱开等不连续现象。

The less the oxygen content and the more content of N element in the form of pyrrole-N were observed under stronger microwave power radiation. It was affirmed that the desulfurization capability of activated carbon could be greatly increased by microwave modification. According to the analysis on surface physical and chemical characteristics, a mechanism was concluded: Modified by microwave, functional groups begin to dissociate, alkalescency is enhanced, and surface oxygen content is reduced; the amount of active sites produced by dissociation of oxygen-containing groups increased, so did the pyrrole-N groups. Apparently, the activated energy of SO〓 adsorption decreased.

通过比较微波改性活性炭前后的吸附脱硫能力，结合它们的表面物理和化学性质的变化分析，确认微波改性活性炭的脱硫性能有显著提高，其作用机理在于微波处理后，活性炭表面微观形貌发生了较大的变化，化学基团发生分解，碱性特征增强，表面含氧量减少，以CO形式释出的含氧官能团分解后产生的活性部位和吡咯氮官能团数量增加，吸附SO〓的表观活化能降低。

It is concluded that, first, geochemical data of the surface soils can clearly distinguish two kind of soils, that is, juvenile soils, for example, purple soils, which inherits most geochemical characteristics of the parent rocks or materials, and anthropic soils, the geochemical characteristics of which have been greatly changed as the results of intensive impact from variety of agricultural uses. Second, different soils have typical indicator elements association respectively due to different parent rocks or materials and utilization, such as purple soils, yellow soils (low alkali and alkaline-earth metal contents and pH value), paddy soils (high organic element and heavy metal elements contents) and fluvo-aquic soils (high rock-forming accessory mineral elements contents) and so on. Consequently, it can be suggested that elements association is an important indicator for two key factors (parent materials and anthropic activities) of soil classification. Third, some differences exist between soil genesic classification and result of cluster analysis, because geochemical characteristics of surface soils can not completely represent the foundation applying to soil genesic classification, that is, condition and process of soil-forming, and soil property.

结果表明：浅层土壤的地球化学数据能较好地用来区分两类土壤，即紫色土一类的幼年土壤（在很大程度上继承了母岩、母质的地球化学特征）和受强烈人为活动水耕、早耕熟化的土壤（外来物质的不断加人显著地改变了浅层土壤原有的地球化学性质）；(2)各类土壤因母岩母质和利用方式不同，各具明显的标志性元素组合特征，如紫色土、黄壤（低碱和碱土金属元素和pH值）、水稻土（高有机元素、肥料元素和重金属元素）和潮土等，因此，这些元素组合是土壤分类两个要素的重要参照系；(3)浅层土壤的地球化学特征不可能完整地体现成土条件、成土过程和土壤属性这三个发生分类依据，因此，聚类分析结果与发生类型之间存在一定的差异。

In this paper we analyse a 12-parameter rectangular plate element which can be constructed by means of Coons surface method and further full error estimates for the element are established.

在本文中，我们分析了由郑照北利用 Coons 曲面方法构造的一个 1 2参数矩形板元并给出了相应的误差估

In this dissertation the"Penalty"finite element method was employed to compute the velocity of the three-dimensional flow of power-law fluid in a profile die. In order to decrease the needed computer memory and raise the stability of numerical simulation, a set of decoupled methods such as PFEM, pseudo-body force method and transformation of momentum equation to the elliptic equation was developed to establish the general finite element equations to compute the distributions of velocity and viscoelastic stress of the three-dimensional viscoelastic flow of the Phan ThienTanner fluid in a profile die. During numerical simulation of the extrudate swell of the PTT fluid, the flow in the die and out of the die was analyzed separately, which demands less computer memory. The key techniques used in numerical simulation of the three-dimensional extrusion from dies such as decision of boundary conditions, creation of initial velocity field, selection of penalty factor, high Weissenberg number problem , regeneration of the free surface were studied in detail.

中文题名聚合物异型材口模挤出三维流动研究副题名外文题名 Study on three-dimensional flow of polymer melts during the process of profile extrusion from dies 论文作者涂志刚导师柳和生包忠诩教授学科专业材料加工工程研究领域\研究方向学位级别博士学位授予单位南昌大学学位授予日期2001 论文页码总数148页关键词挤出成型聚合物材料挤出口模聚合物异型材馆藏号BSLW /2003 /TQ320 /9 本文建立了求解挤出口模内幂律流体流动速度场的通用三维罚有限元模型；对于非线性粘弹性的Phan Thien-Tanner流体，为了降低模拟计算对计算机硬件的要求，并使模拟计算更加稳定，采用了一种去耦算法，包括罚有限元方法、拟体力方法和动量方程的椭圆类方程转化方法，并建立了求解速度场和粘弹性应力场的总体有限元方程；对于PTT流体的挤出胀大问题，提出了挤出胀大熔体口模内外分离模拟法，这样可以显著降低数值模拟对计算机硬件的要求。

But ten thousand the design of treasure dragonses withdrew the people's green penholder in the soil of -- in chemical element( he is a writer for" being good at excavation people sufferance") in chemical element --庶 of the design from the surface layer of his work contents only, silver quality cap of pen, the style of the cap of pen is fited together in fact and more in the idea " big and pure king towards". though people do not would like to the image of the national underworld in this representative machine with casually then the 忆 rises

但万宝龙的设计仅仅从他作品内容的表层提取了设计的元素--庶民的元素（他是一个&善于挖掘民众疾苦&的作家）--土绿色笔杆，银质笔帽，笔帽的样式其实更吻合于&大清王朝&这个意象（尽管人们不愿意将这个代表国家黑社会机器的形象随随便便地忆起）。

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Model node, element, ligament spring element analog to digital number, surface contact number.

主要观察指标：建立模型的节点和单元数、韧带的弹簧单元模拟数目、表面接触数目。

An equal cross-section blade was investigated and a finite element model was built parametrically. Geometrical parameters (such as length, width and thickness), material parameters (such as young's modulus and density) and speed of blade were considered as input random variables while the static frequencies and dynamic frequencies were output random variables. Combining the finite element method, response surface method and Monte Carlo method, the statistical properties and cumulative distribution functions of static frequencies and dynamic frequencies were obtained. Probability sensitivities analysis, which combined the slope of the gradient and the width of the scatter range of the random input variables, was applied to quantitatively evaluate the sensitivities of static frequencies and dynamic frequencies with respect to the random variables. The Scatter plots of structural responses with respect to the random input variables were illustrated how to adjust the values of the static frequencies and dynamic frequencies by changing input random variables.

文中以某试验台用汽轮机等直叶片为研究对象，考虑几何参数、材料参数和转速的随机性，通过有限元参数化建模，将确定性有限元方法、响应面方法和Monte-Carlo模拟法相结合，从而获得了叶片静频、动频的统计特性和累积分布函数；同时考虑随机变量的梯度和离散范围对静、动频的影响，通过概率敏感性分析，定量地判断出叶片静、动频对随机输入变量的敏感性；通过绘制叶片静、动频与输入变量的散点图，定量地分析了如何改变随机变量以调整静、动频率的方法。

In order to verify the accuracy of heat transfer coefficient,2D nonlinear finite element axisymmetric model is established by the means of finite element software MSC.Marc, which is utilized to simulate the transient temperature field coupled with phase transformation process and nonlinear synthetic surface heat transfer coefficient of several typical steels in the different quenchants.

Marc作为模拟平台，建立了淬火过程二维非线性有限元模型，模拟淬火过程中的瞬态温度场，在模拟过程中以多种常用钢在不同淬火介质中的非线性表面综合换热系数为边界条件，同时耦合了相变过程的影响。

Because of the excellent flatness of the semiconductor element mounting surface, the quantity of a peripheral light of a taken image hardly drops even with a wide-angle lens, if the hollow resin package is used in a digital single-lens reflex camera or the like using a large-sized solid image pickup element.

另外，由于半导体元件搭载面的平坦性优异，因此，如果将本发明的树脂制中空封装用于使用大型的固体摄像元件的数码单镜反光相机等，即使使用广角镜头，摄影图像的周边光量的降低也少。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。