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In England, the Elizabethan era marked the beginning of the English Renaissance with the work of writers William Shakespeare , Christopher Marlowe , Edmund Spenser , Sir Thomas More , Francis Bacon , Sir Philip Sidney , John Milton (who is known as perhaps last of the renaissance artists), as well as great artists, architects (such as Inigo Jones who introduced Italianate architecture to England), and composers such as Thomas Tallis , John Taverner , and William Byrd .

在英格兰，伊丽莎白时代标志着英格兰文艺复兴的开端，那时流行着作家莎士比亚，克里斯托弗·马洛，埃德蒙·斯宾塞，托马斯·莫尔，培根，菲利普·西德尼，米尔顿（他被认为是文艺复兴时期最后一个艺术家），许多的艺术家，包括建筑师（例如将意大利式建筑引进英国的伊尼戈·琼斯）和作曲家，例如托马斯·塔利斯，约翰·塔弗纳，威廉·伯德。

Chapter one is "Introduction". On the basis of summarizing the history of the study of the pictophonetic characters, we suppose some theoretical principle, such as the principle of the correspondence between the form and the meaning of the individual graph of Chinese characters, the principle of the total graphs of Chinese characters being a character-formation system, and the principle of the optimum development of the character -formation system in the history, and som analytic methods, such as the methods of structrue-function analysis, form-position analysis and meaning factor analysis, in the study of the pictophonetic characters. Chapter two is titled"General knwledge of the pictophonetic character." We discuss their origins, nature and some standards of distingnishing them, introduce the knowledge about the editions of SHUO WEN JIE ZI, analyse the functions of the modules of pictophonetic characters in detail, discuss concretely the function of phonetic graphs showing origins and pronunciations, the function of meaning graphs showing meanings and analogies, and the function of distinguishment when the two kinds of graphs are conbined. Chapter three is"The system of meaning graphs of Xiao Zhuan system."After we describe the structure of the meaning graph system, the relations between meaning graphs, the distributions of the function of meaning graphs showing meanings, and the frequency of all this kind of graphs, we get a table of all meaning graphs, a table of the frequency. Chapter four is"The system of phonetic graphs of Xiao Zhuan system."We describe the structure of the phonetic graph system, the relations between phonetic graphs, and between their function showing origins and their function showing pronunciations, and their frequency, then we get ageneral table of phonetic graphs and table of their frequency. Chapter five is "conclusion". We think that systematical methodology is useful in describing and analysing the formation system of Chinese characters. The methodology is adaptable in describing the formation system of modern Chinese characters as well as the historical character systems, adaptable in describing horizontally as well as comparing vertically. Only when we finish the systematical vertical compare on the base of systematical horizontal decription, could we know the true history of the system of Chinese characters, recover the rule of the system's development, and supply the theoretical supports for the scientifical arrangement of modern Chinese characters.

第一部分—绪论，在总结形声字研究历史状况的基础上，提出了研究形声系统的理论原则和分析方法，即汉字个体字符形义统一的思想，汉字字符集合构形系统的思想，汉字构形系统历史演变系统优化的思想等三项理论原则和结构功能分析法，形位分析法，义素分析法等三种分析方法，还扼要地介绍了具体的工作程序和论文的主要内容；第二部分—形声字概述，论述了形声字的来源、性质和鉴别标准，介绍了对《说文解字》正篆形声字说解中的传抄讹误，版本异文，说解错误校勘和考证的经过，详细分析了形声字构件的功能，具体讨论了声符的示源功能与示音功能，义符的示意功能与类化功能以及声符与义符组合中的相互区别功能；第三部分—小篆字系的义符系统，从义符系统的构成、义符间的相互关系，义符示意功能的分布及义符的构字频度等不同侧面，对义符系统进行了全面的描写，产生了义符总表、义符间意义关系总表和义符构字频度总表；第四部分—小篆字系形声字的声符系统，从声符系统的构成、声符间的相互关系，声符的示源功能与示音功能的关系以及声符的构字频度等不同侧面，对声符系统进行了全面描写，产生了声符总表和声符构字频度总表；第五部分—结束语，在全面测查小篆字系形声字的基础上，对研究汉字的方法和现代汉字发展方向的问题提出了一些看法，认为系统论的方法是描写和分析汉字构形系统行之有效的方法，系统论方法，不仅适用于历史上文字系统的描写，也适用于现代汉字构形系统的描写，不仅适用了断代描写，也适用于历史比较，只有在对汉字断代系统描写的基础上进行系统的历史比较，才能认清汉字系统历史演变的真相，揭示汉字系统发展的客观规律，为科学地整理现代汉字提供理论上的依据。

In this paper, the 3-D finite element relocating mesh method is used to calculate the temperature field and the thermal creep stress field of spillway dam and mid level outlet dam in certain roller compacted concrete gravity dam, sensitivity analysis have been down with different parameters, such as placing temperature, the location of cooling pipe, cooling temperature, time for water supply, ascended-layer of concrete, intermissive time and different placing time, and the commendatory construction scheme have been put forward in such analysis; according by the test result on the two scheme of concrete aggregate combination (basalt as coarse aggregate and limestone as fine aggregate, basalt as coarse aggregate and basalt as fine aggregate), simulation analysis on temperature field and thermal creep stress field of the commendatory construction scheme have been down, and analysis have also been down on temperature field and thermal stress field of the two different aggregate combination, the result indicates that the spillway dam and mid level outlet dam which adopted these two aggregate combination can both satisfy the require of design crack resistance in concrete, furthermore limestone as fine is better than basalt as fine aggregate; the effect of summer water storage and winter water storage on the temperature field and thermal stress field have been analyzed, comparing with winter water storage, in summer water storage scheme the maximum tensile stress at abnormal concrete in upstream fill is decreased by 0.1～0.3MPa and there are no evidence change of the maximum tensile stress at other parts, which indicate that summer water storage is avail for the crack resistance of upstream fill; according to the simulation calculating result and comparing temperature simulation calculating results and temperature controlling measures of some similarity projects both completed and construction, synthesis appraise have been carried to the design temperature controlling measures of dam, and the temperature controlling measures of this project have been brought forward, all these have great reference value on the design of temperature controlling measures and the optimization of the construction scheme.

本文采用三维有限元浮动网格法仿真计算程序，对某碾压混凝土重力坝的溢流坝段和中孔坝段分别进行了三维有限元温度场和温度徐变应力仿真计算分析，对浇筑温度、冷却水管的布置方式、冷却水温、通水时间、浇筑升程和间歇时间、不同开始浇筑日期等参数进行了敏感性分析，在此基础上提出了推荐的施工方案；根据两种骨料方案(玄武岩粗骨料+灰岩细骨料方案；玄武岩粗骨料+玄武岩细骨料方案)的混凝土性能试验研究成果，对推荐的施工方案进行了温度场和温度徐变应力仿真计算，并对比分析了两种不同骨料情况下的温度场和温度应力，结果表明溢流坝段及中孔坝段采用上述两种骨料均能满足混凝土的抗裂设计要求，且灰岩细骨料优于玄武岩细骨料；计算分析了夏季蓄水和冬季蓄水对坝体温度场和温度应力的影响，夏季蓄水方案与冬季蓄水方案相比，坝体上游变态混凝土区域最大拉应力小0.1～0.3MPa，其他部位最大拉应力无明显变化，夏季蓄水对坝体上游面混凝土的抗裂有利；根据仿真计算成果并通过比较国内一些已建和在建的类似工程的温度仿真计算成果及采取的温控措施，对大坝的设计温控措施进行了综合评价，并提出了该工程的温控措施，对温控设计和优化施工方案具有重要参考价值。

The issues of present seismic wavelet frequency caused by different concepts, such as apparent frequency, dominant frequency, peak frequency and centroid frequency, etc., which are defined by different methods, and understanding deviation, definition of seismic wavelet frequency for time and frequency domain are concluded and summarized. On this basis, three kinds of seismic wavelets in common use such as Ricker and Zinc wavelets as well as sine wavelet with exponential attenuation characteristics are analyzed and a conclude is achieved that apparent frequency and dominant frequency are consistent in essence, but peak frequency and centroid frequency as well as apparent frequency or dominant frequency are not completely consistent with different seismic wavelets. For actual seismic data, peak frequency can approximately be used as dominant frequency, but it is not suitable when seismic wavelet is known for it can give out any wrong knowledge and results.

针对目前地震子波频率由于定义方式出现的各种概念（视频率、主频、峰值频率、中心频率等）以及理解上出现的偏差等问题，首先从时间域定义和频率域定义2个方面进行了归纳和总结，并在此基础上对3种常用地震子波（Ricker子波，Zinc子波，正弦指数衰减子波）进行了分析和研究，得出视频率与主频概念一致，但不同地震子波的峰值频率、中心频率和视频率之间并不完全一致的结论；而对于实际地震资料，将峰值频率近似看作地震子波的主频是可以的，但在地震子波已知的情形下这样做是不恰当的，甚至可能会得出错误的结论和认识。

There were no significant differences for the firing rates in the site of contralateral TNC neurons among during pre-CSD,CSD,and post-CSD (P＞0.05).For flunarizine group,the firing rates in the site of ipsilateral TNC neurons during pre-CSD were higher as compared with during CSD(P＜0.05).2.1 There were statistical differences on palasma levels of CGRP and SP among the three groups(P＜0.05).The levels of CGRP and SP in CSD group were higher than control group(P＜0.05).No significant differences on the levels of CGRP and SP in ipsilateral trigeminal ganglia were found among the three groups(P＞0.05).2 The number of neurons with positive CGRP and SP immunoreactivity was statistically different in right-sided trigeminal ganglia among the three groups (P＜0.05).The number in fight-sided trigeminal ganglia in CSD group was higher as compared with control group(P＜0.05).The number in right-sided trigeminal ganglia was statistically higher than that in left-sided trigeminal ganglion in CSD group(P＜0.05).3.1 Altered ReHo in ipsilateral pons and other brain regions response to pain such as basal nuclei,thalamus,cingulated gyms and prefrontal cortex was detected during the acute spontaneous attack as compared with during headache remission(P＜0.05,corrected by Monte Carlo simulation). 2 Positive functional connectivity was detected between ipsilateral pons and other brain regions related to pain within pain state and within non-pain state (P＜0.05,corrected by false discovery rate,FDR).Increased functional correlation between ipsilateral pons and other pain-related brain regions such as ipsilateral prefrontal cortex and contralateral subcallosal gyrus was detected during the acute spontaneous attack as compared with during headache remission(P＜0.05,corrected by Monte Carlo simulation).

结果1。对照组未发现CSD；同侧TNC放电频率，CSD中＞CSD后＞CSD前P＜0.05对侧TNC放电频率，CSD前、中、后无统计学差异(P＞0.05氟桂利嗪组同侧TNC放电频率，CSD前＞CSD中(P＜0.05)，CSD前与CSD后及CSD中与CSD后之间无统计学差异(P＞0.05)。2.1关于放免测定，各组血浆CGRP、SP水平有统计学差异(P＜0.05)，CSD组高于对照组(P＜0.05)，CSD组与氟桂利嗪组、对照组与氟桂利嗪组之间均无统计学差异P＞0.05各组之间同侧三叉神经节中CGRP、SP水平未见变化(P＞0.05.2关于免疫组化研究，右侧三叉神经节CGRP、SP免疫阳性细胞数三组之间有统计学差异(P＜0.05)，多重两两比较结果CSD组大于对照组(P＜0.05)，CSD组与氟桂利嗪组之间、对照组与氟桂利嗪组之间无统计学差异P＞0.05左侧三叉神经节CGRP、SP免疫阳性细胞数三组之间无统计学差异(P＞0.05CSD组中右侧三叉神经节CGRP、SP免疫反应阳性细胞数大于左侧(P＜0.05)。3.1局部一致性分析发现两组患者头痛疼痛状态较非疼痛状态脑活动发生变化的脑区有同侧脑桥以及其他疼痛相关脑区如基底节区、丘脑、扣带回、前额叶皮层等(P＜0.05，蒙特卡罗模拟校正)。2功能连接分析发现疼痛状态与非疼痛状态下主要疼痛相关脑区均与同侧脑桥有功能联系P＜0.05，false discovery rate，FDR校正疼痛状态与非疼痛状态比较，同侧前额叶皮层、对侧胼胝下回等疼痛相关脑区与同侧脑桥之间功能联系增强(P＜0.05，蒙特卡罗模拟校正。

As early as during the Ming Dynasty, in order to celebrate the harvest, each in the autumn of I, Foshan people use the leftover crafts: such as paper, rags, silk, sweet gum, wax, clay, bamboo, as well as agricultural by-products: such as cocoon, Gu beans, scales, fruits, radish, etc. to tie to, sticky puzzle, paper rush, carving, clipping, sculpture, perfusion and other techniques to produce copper and iron objects into a variety of imitation, imitation porcelain antiques, fake flowers, birds insects and fish, fruits, etc. to counterfeiting, Kit Kat wins the Big Dipper artistic effect, handed down as "Foshan Autumn" Art's unique production style.

早在明朝时期，为庆贺丰收，每于秋收之余，佛山人利用手工业的边角料：如纸、碎布、丝绸、香胶、蜡、陶泥、竹木以及农副产品：如蚕茧、谷豆、鱼鳞、瓜果、萝卜等，以扎作、粘砌、纸扑、雕刻、剪贴、雕塑、灌注等技法，制作成各种仿铜铁器物、仿陶瓷古玩、仿花鸟虫鱼、瓜果等，达到以假乱真、奇巧斗胜的艺术效果，流传下来，成为&佛山秋色&艺术品的独特制作风格。

Lead as activator in the fluorescent powder (1 % lead by weight or less) of discharge lamps when used as sun tanning lamps containing phosphors such as BSP (BaSi2O5:Pb) as well as when used as speciality lamps for diazo-printing reprography lithography insect traps photochemical and curing processes containing phosphors such as SMS (SrBa2MgSi2O7:Pb.

放电管的荧光粉中作为催化剂的铅（铅的重量小于等于1%）可以豁免，当放电管用于含有磷元素（如BSP (BaSi2O5：Pb)）的日晒灯时，以及用于重氮印刷、平板印刷、捕虫、光化学、固化工艺等等专业领域的灯具时。

Lead as activator in the fluorescent powder (1 % lead by weight or less) of discharge lamps when used as sun tanning lamps containing phosphors such as BSP (BaSi2O5 b) as well as when used as speciality lamps for diazo-printing reprography, lithography, insect traps, photochemical and curing processes containing phosphors such as SMS (Sr,Ba2MgSi2O7 b

放电管的荧光粉中作为催化剂的铅（铅的重量小于等于1%）可以豁免，当放电管用于含有磷元素（如BSP (BaSi2O5 b)）的日晒灯时，以及用于重氮印刷、平板印刷、捕虫、光化学、固化工艺等等专业领域的灯具时。

Lead as activator in the fluorescent powder (1 % lead by weight or less) of discharge lamps when used as sun tanning lamps containing phosphors such as BSP (BaSi2O5 b) as well as when used as speciality lamps for diazo-printing reprography, lithography, insect traps, photochemical and curing processes containing phosphors such as SMS (Sr,Ba2MgSi2O7 b.

放电灯中的萤光粉中作为触媒剂的铅含量在其重量的1%以下，当放电灯用作含磷仿日晒灯，比如含有BSP(BaSi2O5 b)，以及用于重氮复印、平版印虫器、光化学和食物加工过程的含磷特种灯时，比如SMS(Sr，Ba2MgSi2O7：Pb 。

Germany is the art of its variety, this will fundamentally a low-long-chef for the survival of their gold content of the market, the deepest feelings of their own kitchen-or the situation, with the same technology market was the lack of comparison to other cuisine The harmonization of norms of the market dynamic, first paid no attention to "the world such as small cooked fresh," it simply the word, creating the revitalization of Brand-kitchen-come first-served awakening chef de cuisine, not only upgrade skills, and spiritual needs of kitchen Germany, it is imperative that with the market screening, to be based from the start with, this matter is as essential to their kitchen to kitchen to self-cultivation, and the real chef who not only language but also to be used carefully Their situation to complete any of the beautiful dishes described, in recent years, talking about the catering industry within and outside the culture more and more, has also set up a wide range of research will be like, as an academic study, this, I think that deep Wei, Yi Utah 30 years ago, I followed as the father of one party chefs, chef at the outskirts of Chengdu Huayang a farm, his father Chef when I start, as was the object of that time, his father often As Niuguisheshen to criticized and denounced, is one of incrimination has been a well-known Zou Zipai private kitchen, and criticized and denounced Renru to accept the end of hope can be better comment to the rebels to their cooking, At that time my father often Fuzhao head repeatedly told, will do what is the other line cooks dry, but each time his father Renru for rebels who cook up the dishes are all highlights, Silk Bugou This Daorang adult years I shall understand that this may be the chef de bar, it is Yidebaoyuan Then, I really want to shake off family skills, dry point level, but overall I also can not cook to Wang Qing, the more its people despise and Bufen, who cooks for the next Jiu Liu said the people they do not know, the next Jiuliu What is not in all cooks, and why the system's contribution to cuisine, but also the people can not afford to do SUI I have suffered, Huang deep sense of business after I had promised a wish, I should not only serve the kitchen line, but also for the kitchen to the development and feel proud and elated, such as cooking guide me on it and make contribution to the cause of their fathers Hard work, in addition to the cause of prosperity Yan Wei, also comfort for the kitchen to numerous grievances life predecessors, that engage in this kind of a warning to clear the kitchen to cook things are by no means purely Shaocai Cook, but the real sentiment of the blending of life Wuwei is required for each entry-chef of a scholarship.

其艺其德可谓五花八门了，这样也就从根本上隆低了川厨们赖以生存的市场含金量了，感受最深的还是川厨们自身的处境，与之相同场竟技的其它菜系比较缺少了统一规范的市场活力，先不讲&天下事如烹小鲜&，那只是纯粹的一句话，打造川厨品牌形象振兴厨艺先得觉醒厨德，既提升技艺，更需要修行厨德，这是当务之急，有了市场的筛选，更需从基础说起了，这就是做为事厨者们必不可少的厨行修行了，而真正的厨者不是只用语言而是更要用心用情去完成自己任何一次美丽的菜品描述的，近年来，行业内外谈论饮食文化的越来越多了，还成立了各式各样的研究会之类，当作一门学问研究了，对此，我深以为慰，犹忆三十年前，我尾随作为一方名厨的父亲，就厨於成都华阳郊外的一家农场工作，父亲主厨我当下手，作为被那个年代改造的对象，父亲经常被当作牛鬼蛇神来批斗，其罪之一就是曾为某知名走资派做过私人厨事，而批斗完了还要忍辱接受可以被改造希望较好的评论，去给造反派们做饭，那时父亲经常抚著我的头顶一再叮嘱，干什麼都行，就是别乾厨师这一行，然而，每次父亲忍辱为其造反派们烹调出来的菜肴却都是可圈可点，丝丝不苟，这倒让我成年后多年都不得明白，这或许就是厨德吧，是以德报怨吧？再后来，我也的确想摆脱家传技艺，干点别的，可是，我总也忘情不了厨行，更为其被人鄙视而不忿，那些称厨师为下九流的人他们其实并不知道，下九流中什麼都有就是没有厨师，而为什麼制出美食贡献的人，却总也被人睢不起呢？我有身受，深感惶感，从业后我曾许了个心愿，我不仅要服务於厨行，更要为厨行的发展而扬眉吐气，如引导我走上为之烹饪事业贡献力量的父辈们努力工作，除了为事业的兴旺发达欣尉之外，还要告慰无数为厨行委屈终生的前辈们，搞明白了这样的一个忠告，才能清楚厨行的事厨者决非只是单纯的烧菜煮饭，而是真正感悟人生五味的调合才是每个川厨入门必修的一门学问。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。