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During the postgenomics era the information about genomic sequence and gene functions provides a new foundation for evolutionary biology and ecology As the first whole-genome sequenced plant Arabidopsis thaliana and its wild relatives have played a critical role in understanding the evolution of genomics and speciation Both A halleri and A lyrata are closely related to the model species A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera occurs in northeastern China Japan and Taiwan; while its sister A halleri ssp halleri is mainly distributed in Europe Geographical barriers such as Tienshan Mountain Range isolate these intraspecific sisters Likewise A lyrata ssp kamchatica and ssp lyrata occur in East Asia and North America respectively Such distribution patterns seem to be consistent with allopartic speciation The comparison between ancestral and extant polymorphism by multilocus can be informative about the population genetics of speciation In this study we collected and analyzed DNA sequences of 98 genes from four wild relatives of A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera A halleri ssp halleri A lyrata ssp kamchatica and A lyrata ssp lyrata The ancestral states of these four species were compared to each other in terms of level of genetic variation However the ancestral species at the time of speciation were substantially more polymorphic than the extant geographical populations The observations are not fully compatible with speciation by strict allopatry At some species pairs parapatric speciation seems more reasonable in speciation of Arabidopsis The 98 gene sequences are also used for the congruence test between gene genealogy and species phylogeny Only 28 genes support the species phylogeny but there are 23 genes supports another major genealogy { lyrata} thaliana Based on the phylogenetic position change of A lyrata ssp kamchatica and Ks value for each species pair suggested the recent directional gene flow between A halleri ssp gemmifera and A lyrata ssp kamchatica

阿拉伯芥是第一个完成基因体定序的开花植物，其基因体资讯提供植物学研究的重要依据；在解析阿拉伯芥属物种的亲缘关系以及种化机制等重要的演化议题时，阿拉伯芥近缘的野生物种自然成了不可或缺的关键；跟阿拉伯芥近缘的物种包括A halleri及A lyrata，其中A halleri ssp gemmifera主要分布於中国东北、日本以及台湾，与近缘的A halleri ssp halleri其分布於欧洲隔著天山及大陆的障蔽，而A lyrata ssp kamchatica主要分布於东北亚及台湾，与分布於北美五大湖的A lyrata ssp lyrata被北极圈所分隔，这样的分布模式暗示异域种化的可能。藉由多基因分析比较祖先物种与现生物种遗传歧异度的相关可提供讯息探讨种化时期的族群遗传结构，本研究针对A halleri ssp gemmifera、A halleri ssp halleri及A lyrata ssp kamchatica、A lyrata ssp lyrata四个物种，两对互为亚种的姊妹群，以阿拉伯芥为外群进行研究，在四个物种完成98个同源基因的分子序列，利用套装软体MCMCcoal来估算祖先物种的遗传变异，亦估算现生物种的核苷酸歧异度，观察到？多物种配对中祖先物种遗传多型性大於现生物种DNA歧异度，显示异域种化模型并无法完全解释阿拉伯芥属物种的种化模式，在某些物种配对间邻域种化模式应比异域种化更为可能；在基因树与物种树的比较，98个基因片段的亲缘模式只有28个是与已知物种树一致的，有23个基因其树状图支持{ lyrata} thaliana的型式，藉由kamchatica位置的变化以及估算各物种配对间的平均同义置换率，推测在A halleri ssp gemmifera与A lyrata ssp kamchatica间具有近代的单方向基因交流。

The gravitational fields required to make such a closed time-like curve would have to be very strong,"on the order of what you might find close to a black hole," Ori told LiveScience."We don't have any way of creating such strong gravitational fields today, and we certainly have no way of manipulating any such gravitational fields."

要制造出这样一条封闭时间曲线的引力场非得要非常强，"大约和你在一个黑洞附近找到的那么大"Ori告诉LiveScience"我们现在没有任何办法来制造这么强大的引力场，而且，可以肯定地说，我们无法来控制任何一个这样的引力场"

"Who,-I? You know I'm such a graceless dog that these religious aspects of such subjects don't edify me such."

谁——我吗？你知道，我是个不可救药的人，宗教对这种问题的看法对我没多大教益。

"Who, di ? You know I'm such a graceless dog that these religious aspects of such subjects don't e di fy me such."

谁――我吗？你知道，我是个不可救药的人，宗教对这种问题的看法对我没多大教益。

In order to avoid the inconveniency of such situations, every prudent man in every period of society, after the first establishment of the division of labour, must naturally have endeavoured to manage his affairs in such a manner, as to have at all times by him, besides the peculiar produce of his own industry, a certain quantity of some one commodity or other, such as he imagined few people would be likely to refuse in exchange for the produce of their industry.

因此，他们就不能互相提供服务。为了避免此类情况所带来的不便，分工被采用后各时代中的每个谨慎的人都会尽力以如下方式管理自己的事物：除自己行业的特殊产品之外，总是持有一定数量的某种物品，在他看来，用这种物品和任何人交换都不大可能遭到拒绝。

It was not until after two more such failures that I learned that such a method was ill-conceived, and that any such switch with an "inertial mass" would always activate immediately upon deceleration of the rocket.

但直到经过两年多这种失败，我了解到，这种方法是构思欠佳，以及任何此类开关与"惯性质量"将随时启动后，立即减速火箭。

Can we believe,with these impressions on his mind,that if,after a year,eighteen months,or two years of peace had elapsed,he should be tempted by the appearance of fresh insurrection in Ireland,encouraged by renewed and unrestrained communication with France,and fomented by the fresh infusion of Jacobin principles;if we were at such a moment without a fleet to watch the ports of France,or to guard the coasts of Ireland,with- out a disposable army,or an embodied militia capable of supplying a speedy and adequate reinforcement,and that he had suddenly the means of transporting thither a body of twenty or thirty thousand French troops;can we believe that,at such a moment,his ambition and vindictive spirit would be restrained by the recollection of engagements or the obligation of treaty?

难道我们能够相信，和平了一年、一年半或两年之后，如果心头压着这些想法的他受到爱尔兰新出现的暴乱的诱惑，受到重新开通的与法国不受拘束的通讯的鼓舞，受到新注入的雅各宾党人原则的挑唆；倘若我们此时没有一支海军去监视法国港口或保卫爱尔兰海岸，没有一支可随时调动的军队或一支已建成的国民军提供迅速、足够的增援，而他却突然获得向各处运送2万至3万法国士兵的手段；难道我们能够相信，此时此刻，他的野心和复仇心态会因想到自己所作的那些保证或他所承担的条约义务而受到约束吗？

Cosette was, moreover, passing through that dangerous period, the fatal phase of feminine revery abandoned to itself, in which the isolated heart of a young girl resembles the tendrils of the vine which cling, as chance directs, to the capital of a marble column or to the post of a wine-shop: A rapid and decisive moment, critical for every orphan, be she rich or poor, for wealth does not prevent a bad choice; misalliances are made in very high circles, real misalliance is that of souls; and as many an unknown young man, without name, without birth, without fortune, is a marble column which bears up a temple of grand sentiments and grand ideas, so such and such a man of the world satisfied and opulent, who has polished boots and varnished words, if looked at not outside, but inside, a thing which is reserved for his wife, is nothing more than a block obscurely haunted by violent, unclean, and vinous passions; the post of a drinking-shop.

珂赛特并且正在经历那个危险时期，也就是女性没人指点、全凭自己面壁虚构的那个一失足成千古恨的阶段，在这种时候，孤独的年轻姑娘便好象葡萄藤上的卷须，不管遇到的是云石柱子上的柱头还是酒楼里的木头柱子，都会一样随缘攀附。这对于每一个无父无母的孤女，无论贫富，都是一个危机，一种稍纵即逝、并且起决定作用的时机，因为家财并不能防止错误的择配，错误的结合往往发生在极上层；真正的错误结合是灵魂上的错误结合，并且，多少无声无臭的年轻男子，没有声名，没有身世，没有财富，却是个云石柱子的柱头，能撑持一座伟大感情和伟大思想的庙宇。同样，一个上层社会的男人，万事如意，万贯家财，穿着擦得光亮的长靴，说着象上过漆的动人的语言，如果不从他的外表去看他，而是从他的内心，就是说，从他留给一个妇女的那部分东西去看他，便只是一个至愚极蠢、心里暗藏着多种卑污狂妄的强烈欲念的蠢物，一根酒楼里的木头柱子。

While early studies focused on the potential roles in health and disease of provitamin A carotenoids, such as b-carotene, research over the past decade has provided a framework for our understanding of the functions of non-provitamin A carotenoids such as lycopene, especially in regards to its association with a reduced risk of a number of chronic diseases, including cancer.

人们早期的研究多关注于如β胡萝卜素等维生素A前体类胡萝卜素对于健康和疾病的潜在作用，而近几十年的研究为对于如番茄红素等非维生素A前体类胡萝卜素的功能认知提供了参考，特别是关于它与降低包括癌症在内等慢性病的患病风险的联系。

To see the golden sun and the azure sky, the outstretched ocean, to walk upon the green earth, and to be lord of a thousand creatures, to look down giddy precipices or over distant flowery vales, to see the world spread out under one's finger in a map, to bring the stars near, to view the smallest insects in a microscope, to read history, and witness the revolutions of empires and the succession of generations, to hear of the glory of Simon and Tire, of Babylon and Susan, as of a faded pageant, and to say all these were, and are now nothing, to think that we exist in such a point of time ,and in such a corner of space, to be at once spectators and a part of the moving scene, to watch the return of the seasons, of spring and autumn, to hear---The stock dove plain amid the forest deep

原文翻译：何为不朽我们看到金色的太阳，蔚蓝的天空，广阔的海洋；我们漫步在绿油油的大地之上，做万物的主人；我们俯视令人目炫心悸的悬崖峭壁，远眺鲜花盛开的山谷；我们把地图摊开，任意指点全球；我们把星辰移到眼前观看，还在显微镜下观察极其微小的生物；我们学历史，亲自目睹帝国的兴亡、时代的交替；我们听人谈论西顿、推罗、巴比伦和苏撒的勋业，如同听一番往昔的盛会，听了以后，我们说：这些事确实发生过，但现在却是过眼云烟了；我们思考着自己生活的时代、生活的地区；我们在人生的活动舞台上既当观众、又当演员；我们观察四季更迭、春秋代序；我们听见了--野鸽在浓密的树林中哀诉

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。