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The growth of copper nucleus on silicon substrate was studied by using AFM and SEM.

用AFM、SEM对铜核的成长机制进行了研究。

The mechanism of copper nucleation on silicon substrate was further investigated by XPS, which can be divided into two stages roughly.

利用XPS对铜薄膜成长的反应机理进行了探讨，得出反应机理大致可分为两个阶段。

The surface morphology and composition of the coating were analyzed by scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, electron probe microanalyzer and infrared spectroscopy, and the effect of high-energy shot peening to Ti substrate and hydroxyapatite coating was discussed.

用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、电子探针和红外光谱仪分析了涂层表面形貌和成分，探讨了表面高能喷丸工艺对钛基体及涂层的影响。

The presence of calcic horizon availed the invasion and residence of A. frigida which is a relatively shallow-rooted plant. In conclusion, the ultimate cause for the succession of A. ordosica community mainly contributes to the changes of soil substrate, especially the formation of calcium carbonate.

钙积层的形成使得较油蒿根系更浅的冷蒿植物得以侵入、定居，而油蒿则逐渐退出，因此，土壤基质变化尤其是土壤钙积层的形成是油蒿群落演替的根本原因。

The results showed that when PA1010 was filled with 1.5% n- SiO2, the properties of the coating was best .The coating-substrate adhesion stress was 28.9 MPa . The self-strength of the coating was 69.8 MPa. DSC analysis shown that n- SiO2 could increase the crystallization speed of PA1010 coatings obviously.

结果表明：当复合涂层配比为m(PA1010)：m(n- SiO2)=100.0： 1.5时，复合涂层综合性能较佳，涂层自拉伸强度为69.8 MPa，涂层与基体结合强度为28.9 MPa；纳米SiO2有明显的异质成核作用，使复合涂层的过冷度由27.0 ℃下降为24.0 ℃；纳米SiO2能够显著提高涂层的力学性能，有助于提高复合涂层的结晶速率，具有明显的成核作用。

In this work, the Phisweep technique is applied in coating anisotropic films. During the deposition, the periodical sweep of the substrate will break the anisotropic self-shadowing effect that causes inhomogeneous microstructure and improve the fan-out phenomenon.

中文摘要本篇论文利用方位角扫瞄技术制镀非均向性光学薄膜，藉由基板来回扫瞄能破坏自我遮蔽效应的非均向性，改善倾斜柱状结构在垂直沈积平面方向发生扇形扩张的现象。

The Ni-based self-fluxing alloy powder coposite coating was produced on the substrate of ferrite and pearite base gray iron by the general electrical resistance furnace with graphite protection successfully.

用普通电阻炉加石墨保护的方法成功地在铁素体基灰铸铁及珠光体基灰铸铁基体上制备了镍基自熔性合金粉末复合材料。

Adding strong-carbide-formation elements to Ni-based self-fluxing alloy powder,composite coatings were obtained,which were reinforced by in-situ synthesized particles on CrCuB alloy gray iron substrate by laser cladding.

针对车用内燃机排气门座圈高温、高交变应力和高腐蚀性工况，采用添加了强碳化物形成元素的镍基自熔合金粉末，通过激光熔覆，在CrCuB合金灰铸铁基体上制备了原位合成的颗粒增强镍基复合涂层。

Self-fluxing Fe-Cr-Ni-B-Si alloy prowders are laser clad on medium carbon steel substrate of dimensions 80×35×10mm〓. The investigation results of this clad layer are: micro-defects, micro-cavity and occluded forin substance, are the micro-cracks and crack resourses in clad layer; crack of coating propagates along the boundary of two kinds of eutectic sutructure; The included angle θ between the cracking direction and laser scanning direction in multitrack overlapping clad is smaller than that in one-track clad because of crack propagating along crystalline growth direction and crystalline direction in overlapping zone being different from it in one-track clad.

在调质态的45〓钢表面，采用预置粉末法进行FeCrNiBSi合金的多道搭接激光熔覆，对其熔覆层进行分析表明：多道搭接激光熔覆层裂纹扩展方向与激光扫描方向间的夹角θ与单道熔覆时相比明显变小，前者θ0°，后者θ角基本都为90°，这主要是因为多道搭接时，搭接区结晶方向发生了变化以及裂纹沿结晶方向扩展所致；激光熔覆层裂纹大多是以覆层与基材交界面的孔洞、熔覆层内不同方向共晶团间的显微缩孔、夹杂物的边界等三种显微缺陷作为裂纹源，并沿低熔点物相形成元素偏析造成弱化膜的共晶团界面扩展延伸。

The results show that aluminum coatings and aluminum coatings with seal coat can enhance the oxidation resistance of steel substrate under 500 ℃ in a short period. The aluminum coatings with seal coat have the best corrosion resisting property.

结果表明，在500 ℃以下，在Q235钢基体上电弧喷涂铝涂层和封孔铝涂层可以提高试样的抗氧化能力，但只是在短期内有效。

A carrier gas such as nitrogen is directed through line 20 and valve 22 to connect with line 26 and mix with the gas sample.

如氮气之类的载体通过管线20和阀22引入，与管线26相通，与气体样品混合。

But for the most part, knaves and parasites had the command of his fortune

然而支配他的家产的大多是恶棍和寄生虫。