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Polyfluoroalkyl iodides could react with unsaturated olefin acids in the presence of sodium dithionite by radical addition to give adducts. It was found that these adducts could form polyfluoroalkyl substituted γ or δ-lactones due to intramolecular nucleophilic substitution in the alkali solution.

研究发现：多氟烷基碘化物在连二亚硫酸钠存在下与不饱和烯酸经自由基加成得到的产物，能在碱性条件下进行分子内亲核取代反应形成五元或六元环的含氟内酯类化合物。

As to this has formed different understanding between developed country and developing country, the developed country thinks human rights has already substituted " foundation stone " that the traditional sovereign equality has become the international relations, emphasize the sovereignty is to threaten human rights , if wanting to protect human rights , must limit state sovereignty , is it advocate " human rights higher than sovereignty "," human rights borderless ", for maintain human rights can go on " humanistic intervention " to other country to do one's utmost.

对此在发达国家和发展中国家之间形成了不同的认识，发达国家认为人权已经替代了传统的主权平等成为国际关系的"基石"，强调主权就是威胁人权，要保护人权就必须限制国家主权，极力宣扬"人权高于主权"、"人权无国界"，为了维护人权可以对他国进行"人道主义干预"。

It was also found that the film of smaller grains corresponded to a smaller lattice constant of the garnet structure, which implied that fewer Bi〓 ions substituted into the dodecahedral sites in the garnet, due to the fact that the smaller grains resulted in more grain boundaries, thus leading to more serious Bi segregation in the grain boundaries.

分析表明，细小的晶粒意味着薄膜中含有更多的晶界，这样将导致Bi组分在晶界上的偏析较显著，而进入石榴石结构中氧十二面体间隙的Bi〓较少，对于Bi，Al∶DyIG来说，石榴石相晶格常数与{Bi〓}〓呈正相关关系，由此可以解释具有细小晶粒的薄膜对应较小的石榴石相晶格常数。

If political contest within a World-State were substituted for war, imagination would soon accustom itself to the new situation, as it has accustomed itself to the absense of duelling.

如果能在一个世界性的国家里采取政治斗争来代替战争，人的想象力就会习惯于新的情况，正象它曾经习惯于没有决斗一样。

Wetland is one of the most important ecological systems of land, it is not substituted in maintaining and regulating ecology environment quality.

湿地是陆地最重要的生态系统之一，在维护和调节生态环境质量方面具有不可替代的作用。

Wetland is one of the most important ecological systems of land,it is not substituted in maintaining and regulating ecology environment quality.

中文摘要：湿地是陆地最重要的生态系统之一，在维护和调节生态环境质量方面具有不可替代的作用。

Men too often confound them: they should not be confounded: appearance should not be mistaken for truth; narrow human doctrines, that only tend to elate and magnify a few, should not be substituted for the worldredeeming creed of Christ.

人们过于经常地把它们混淆起来；它们不应该混淆；表面现象不能误认为真相；狭隘的世人的说教，只能使少数人自命不凡、不可一世，却不应该用来代替拯救世界的基督的教义。

Radiosurgery is applicable to highly refined ophthalmological surgery, can be substituted for traditional scalpel and electrocautery.

射频手术技术完全可以替代常规的手术刀及普通电刀手术技术，可能是手术切开技术的发展方向。

The compound is an ionic compound consisting of a cation NH(subscript 4 superscript +) and an anion C6H2N3O(subscript 9 superscript -), and it is the mono-substituted salt of TNPG. Since the existence of complicated hydrogen bond networks and electrostatic attraction between NH(subscript 4 superscript +) cation and C6H2N3O(subscript 9 superscript -) canion, the compound possesses better stability and low sensitivity.

该化合物是由一个铵根离子与一个一价的三硝基均苯三酚负离子相结合而形成的离子型化合物，分子中存在的大量氢键及铵根离子与三硝基均苯三酚负离子之间的静电引力使得该化合物具有较高的热稳定性和较低的感度。

Because both ions in A and B sites of these compounds can be substituted by other ions with different electrovalence and radius in a wide range, their dielectric property is adjustable and can be optimized in a large scale. This implies that new type MWDC with advanced dielectric property may be exploited from these compounds and widely used.

该类化合物由于A、B位均可能被电价与半径不同的阳离子在较宽的范围内取代，所以其介电性质有较大范围的调节与优化的可能性，因此从该类化合物中极有可能开发出具有广泛应用前景的新型高性能微波介质陶瓷材料。

In the United States, chronic alcoholism and hepatitis C are the most common ones.

在美国，慢性酒精中毒，肝炎是最常见的。

If you have any questions, you can contact me anytime.

如果有任何问题，你可以随时联系我。