查询词典 subadditivity

As the evolution of economics, new classical economics has been grown for three stages in natural monopoly, and they are economics of scales, economics of scopes and subadditivity of costs in turn. We review and analyze these thoughts and theories about natural monopoly, and then forecast the trend of natural monopoly theory based on the new institute economics.

本文在对这些理论加以梳理、分析之后，借助新制度经济学的理论和分析工具，预测了自然垄断理论的发展趋势，那就是自然垄断成因由技术成本因素过度到交易成本因素，自然垄断形成机制是在经济学上的自增强机制以及交易成本约束下的一体化理论下完成的，这与先验性的决定自然垄断然后再在行政上加以规制是不同的。

VaR is an important measure of risk which has been extensively recognized in the areaof finance, but it is not a Coherent Measure of Risk by reason of lack of subadditivity.

VaR ( Value at Risk ，简称为VaR )是金融界广泛认同的重要的风险度量，但它不满足次可加性，不是一致性风险度量。

In the light that the existing trading cost leads to a total average cost U curve, the increasing demand results in a decline of sunk cost, the thesis identifies the subadditivity, works out the property of"limited competition", defines the meaning of"limited competition"and the economic characteristics of co-existing of private product and public product, monopoly and competition.

论文从交易成本存在导致基础设施产业的平均总成本呈U型曲线、市场需求增加导致沉淀成本减少的角度，论证了基础设施产业成本劣加性的淡化，建立了"有限竞争"的产业属性，界定了基础设施产业"有限竞争"的涵义及私人产品与公共产品并存、垄断与竞争并存的经济特征。

Proposed five ways on rate definition that use the economical principal as foundation and apply the marginal cost principal to discuss the rate system and its effect factors. Then we put forward the revise formula of the managing rate price of water resource that has the character of cost subadditivity.

接着进行了确定收费水平的原则的探讨，应用经济学原理，提出了制定收费价格的5种方法，用边际成本原理讨论收费体系及影响因素，最后提出了具有成本劣加性特点的水资源经营性收费价格的修正公式。

Subjective probabilities are complementary in binary case and subadditivity in general case.4 subjective probability judgment has unpacking effect and enhance effect.

主观概率在二元判断中表现出二元互补性，在多元判断中表现出次可加性；4。主观概率判断存在分解效应和促进效应。

The second chapter reviews the traditional theory of natural monopoly in the frame of classical economics, from economics of scales, economics of scopes and to subadditivity of cost, including the extension of"Marshall puzzle"and"theory of contestable markets". The third chapter analyzes the traditional theory of natural monopoly based on the new classical economics, and points out the achievements and the limitations.

我们把这一体系内的自然垄断理论称为传统自然垄断理论，主要经历了规模经济理论、范围经济理论以及成本次可加性理论，当然目前这一领域内还延伸出了马歇尔困境以及有效竞争理论等研究前沿。

As natural monopoly industry, on the one hand, tap water industry has the distinguishing features: network motion, precipitating cost, public good, subadditivity, and externality.

作为自然垄断行业，一方面，自来水行业具有明显的网络运行、沉淀成本、公益性、成本弱可加性以及外部性等特点，客观上要求实施政府管制，以克服"市场失灵"；另一方面，自来水行业又具有市场范围的地域界限性和不同区域服务水平、服务质量的差异性以及产品使用的私人特性，使得在该行业中引入市场竞争机制成为可能。

As natural monopoly industry, on the one hand, tap water industry has the distinguishing features: network motion, precipitating cost, public good, subadditivity, and externality.

作为自然垄断行业，一方面，自来水行业具有明显的网络运行、沉淀成本、公益性、成本弱可加性以及外部性等特点，客观上要求实施政府管制，以克服&市场失灵&；另一方面，自来水行业又具有市场范围的地域界限性和不同区域服务水平、服务质量的差异性以及产品使用的私人特性，使得在该行业中引入市场竞争机制成为可能。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。