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Combining with the characteristics and the principle of analysis on existing bridges, the equipollent load, the mathematical model and the stochastic model for traffic load on existing bridge are studied.

本文结合既有桥梁车辆荷载的特点和分析原则，研究了既有桥梁车辆荷载的等代荷载、数学模型以及随机过程模型。

Stochastic theory and other correlative theories are used to analyze IGA, and the immune extend population sequence formed by IGA is proved to be an aperiodic irreducible ergodic Markov chain.

同时在纯数学意义上拓展讨论，就IGA的一般收敛理论进行分析，证明了概率弱收敛、几乎处处弱收敛、渐进收敛等性质。

The stochastic property, ergodic property and regular property of the chaotic generator are studied, and three types combination of chaos and evolution computation are investigated.

论述了进化计算的理论基础，建立了进化计算的统一模型；研究了混沌发生器的随机性、遍历性和规律性以及混沌与进化计算相结合的三种方式。

Based on a Hopfield neural network mode for combinational circuit test generation, a test generation algorithm with global searching ability is proposed. This algorithm is the combination of chaotic searching with gradient algorithm. By means of the inherent stochastic and ergodic property of chaotic searching, the problem of being trapped in local minimum of gradient algorithm can be solved.

基于组合电路测试生成的离散Hopfield神经网络模型，将混沌搜索与Hopfield网络的梯度算法相结合，利用混沌搜索的内随机性及遍历性来克服梯度算法易于陷于局部极小的缺点，形成一种具有全局搜索能力的测试生成有效算法。

Also the problems of stochastic controllability, observability and stability of the filter are studied, a simple observability criterion for the time-invariant systems is set up, error band of the filtering is given theoretically, and the filtering stability results are proved under more general conditions; besides, the filtering error caused by uncorrect mathematical models is analysed.

本文还研究了随机能控能观性及滤波的稳定性问题，建立了结构简单的平稳定常系统的能观性判据，在理论上给出了滤波算法的误差范围，在更一般的条件下证明了最优滤波算法的稳定性；并从理论上分析了模型误差对滤波产生的影响。

Based on the analysis of error characteristics and performance effect of the mostly used crystal oscillator, a method to simulate the frequency error of crystal oscillator is proposed. The major idea is to determine the Allan variance parameter of each main stochastic error component at the given sampling interval at first, then to deduct a set of corresponding frequency error series and superpose them together.

该文对在GPS接收机中使用最多的晶振的误差特性和性能影响进行了分析，在此基础上提出了一种模拟晶振频率误差的方法，即首先确定晶振在给定取样时间间隔上各主要随机误差成分的Allan方差参数，由此反演产生相应的各项晶振频率误差模拟序列并进行叠加。

The Function and Error settings are only used for Stochastic User Equilibrium.

函数和误差设置仅仅用在随机用户平衡模型中。

Besides, the influence of stochastic observation error on the evaluation result is investigated using Monte Carlo method.

最后运用蒙特卡罗法构造算例，讨论了实测过程中的随机观测误差对评价结果的影响。

The result shows that the influence of stochastic observation error on water environment evaluation cannot be neglected for all models in all cases.

由于评价中的分级标准、评价类别、污染程度等是客观存在的模糊概念和模糊现象，因而水环境评价不可避

Then the influence of stochastic observation error on different model for environment evaluation in two cases, namely uniform variance and nonuniform variance, is investigated using Monte Carlo method.

水环境评价是防治水污染的前提和基础，也是进行水质规划的依据。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。