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C This type of aggression occurs because it results in avoidance or escape from aversive stimuli.

有机体因回避或逃避厌恶性刺激所导致的攻击。

This aggression occurs when an animal learns that an aggressive response will enable it to escape or avoid aversive stimuli.

此等攻击的发生是当动物学会攻击能逃避厌恶刺激。

"In my view, the 'err on the side of being late' paradigm is potentially as dangerous as the 'productivity growth' paradigm of the late 1990s and the 'fear of deflation' paradigm of the early 2000s, which led some advanced economies to implement policy stimuli for too long, sowing the seeds of the subsequent crisis," Mr Bini Smaghi said in Paris.

斯马吉在巴黎表示：&在我看来，'宁迟勿早'理念可能与上世纪90年代末的'生产率增长'理念，以及本十年初期的'通缩担忧'理念一样危险。它们导致某些发达经济体过久实施政策刺激，为以后的危机播下种子。&

However, it is not known how orthodontic force influences the function of cementoblast and what is the relationship between the function change of cementoblast with root resorption. So we studied the effect of mechanical stimuli on root resoption by examining the expression OPG and RANKL and exploring the related signal transduction pathway in cementoblast. Methods: Cementoblasts OCCM30 were cultured in DMEM with 10% FBS for 48 hours and starved in DMEM with no FBS for 24 hours, then subjected to mechanical strain by four-point bending system with tension and compression stress at 2000μstrain at 0.5Hz frequency. The flow cytometry was used to examine the cell cycle and proliferation activity after 3h, 6h, 12h, 24h loading respectively. OPG and RANKL mRNA were analysed with real time quantitive RT-PCR after the same loading period as FCM.

本课题利用四点弯曲力学加载系统，采用流式细胞术、实时荧光定量PCR、Western免疫印迹等方法，研究体外培养的成牙骨质细胞株OCCM-30在不同力学环境中增殖活性的变化，以及其表达骨保护素和破骨细胞分化因子的mRNA的变化，探讨应力刺激对成牙骨质细胞表达破骨细胞分化调控蛋白的影响，并通过对应力刺激下成牙骨质细胞分裂原活化蛋白激酶家族中的ERK1/2、P38MAPK活性的变化及其与OPG、RANKL基因表达变化关系的研究，对力学刺激调节破骨细胞分化调控蛋白的相关上游信号转导通路进行初步探讨。

The responses of Chrysopa pallens Ramber to light stimuli with different intensities were investigated by means of electroretinogram technique and behaviour measurement.

运用视网膜电位(electroretinogram， ERG)技术和行为学方法研究了大草蛉Chrysopa pallens Ramber成虫的光强度反应。

The whole curve appears near S shape curve which revealed that the compound eyes of green lacewinng have strong adapting ability to light stimuli.4 Relation of the dark-adapted time and ERG value indicates that time of day eyes turning to night eyes is not similar in different kind of species. The turn of compound eye from day eyes to night eyes need about 120min in Chrysopa sinica Tjedar,, but is not accord to in different unit the other two species.

以ERG值为指标，在—定时间内，暗适应时间长短影响草蛉复眼的ERG振幅的大小，不同种革蛉其ERG值达稳定所需时间是不—致的，中华草蛉一般都需要120m，ERG值才能达到稳定，而大草蛉、丽草蛉不同个体ERG值达到稳定的时间不完全一致，大草蛉ERG值一般需60-90m达稳定，个别在120m左右达稳定，丽草蛉ERG值一般在60m左右达到稳定。

The result suggested the presence of three typesreceptors at least in the compound eye of Chrysopa sinica Tjedar and Chrysopa50septempunctata Wesmacl, but four type receptor in Chrysopaformosa Brauer.3 The intensity make effect on ERGs value .The result indicate that the stronger the luminance, the higher the ERG value in a certain intensity range of monochromatic and white light stimuli,but the rate of improvement make creeping until the extent to intensity.

光强度对3种草蛉ERG值有影响，—定光强度范围内，草蛉复眼的ERG值皆随白光刺激光强度的增加而增大，至一定光强度时增加变缓，(但是在光强度为log=0时，并没有出现—个反应平台)，呈现出—种近似线型的式样，表明：草蛉成虫复眼具有较强的光强度自调节和耐光能力。

The main findings of the study are as follows:(1) Both N2 and P3 are the characteristic ERPs under nogo inhibition,but P3 amplitude is a good indicator of inhibition processing depth;(2) Through ERP waveforms separation from encoding of stimuli sequence,we verify that the capacity of visual working memory is about 4 units;(3) In the go/nogo sequence response, encoding is mainly the function of right hemisphere, but inhibition retrieval is concentrated on left frontal area and anterior cingulated cortex.

本研究获得了以下结论：(1)在nogo抑制条件下，N2和P3波是特征的抑制波，但P3的波幅是反应抑制加工深度的良好指标；(2)对刺激的顺序编码加工的ERP验证了工作记忆的处理单元的容量为4左右；(3)在Go/nogo序列反应中，编码加工体现为右脑优势，而抑制提取的加工负波集中在左脑前额和前角回区。

The various parameters observed were the following : modification of the skin status, coat, eyes, mucous membrane, apparition of secretions or excretions and neurovegetative reaction (tears, piloerection, variation of the pupillary diameter, variation of the respiratory rhythm…), walking modifications, changes in the posture, reaction to manipulation, presence of clonic or tonic movements, stereotyped or unusual behaviors, sensorial reactivity to various stimuli (auditory, visual, proprioceptive), prehension strength and moving activity.

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The level and quality of growth and development and nutrition status are strong contributable factor for the physical fitness, the express of potential capability , compensation, and the capacity of reaction to the stimuli.

个体的生长发育和营养状况直接决定了其体质健康水平、潜能发挥、能力获得和表达，竞争力的高低、对外界刺激和信号的应答与适宜反应。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。