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When applying phase-stepping interferometry to measure a surface, distortion will be caused as a result of various error factors especially the phase stepping error from the phase shifter. Even seriously flexuosity can be produced.

用相移干涉术测量物体表面形貌时，各种误差因素特别是相移器移相误差的影响使得表面形貌的测量偏离了实际值，甚至会产生形貌失真的现象。

It has many functions such as conputerized control,frequency conversion speed regulation,fixed-length setting(Fixed-length is divided into servo and stepping two type.The speed is little slower during stepping fixed-length.It can cut paper to maximum 350 gramme of thickness),automatic count,voice-light alarm,electrice eye tracking automatic deviation-correcting etc..

具有电脑控制、变频调速、定长设置（定长分伺服与步进两种，步进定长是速度会慢一点，切纸时最厚只能切到350g）、自动记数、声光报警、电脑跟踪、自动纠偏等功能。

Convenient principle Major person has experienced change the awkwardness that sucks dome light bulb: Stepping on a table, stepping a chair, hold one's head high 90 degrees, carry double arm overdoes 2.5 meters tall taller even ceiling.

方便原则大部分人都经历过更换吸顶灯灯泡的尴尬：踩着桌子、踏着椅子、昂首90度，抬双臂过头到2.5米高甚至更高的顶棚。

Major person has experienced convenient principle to change the awkwardness that sucks dome light bulb: Stepping on a table, stepping a chair, hold one's head high 90 degrees, carry double arm overdoes 2.5 meters tall taller even ceiling.

方便原则大部分人都经历过更换吸顶灯灯泡的尴尬：踩着桌子、踏着椅子、昂首90度，抬双臂过头到2.5米高甚至更高的顶棚。

In addition, this article took the isoclinic information which unwrapped already into isochromatic formula to get the correct retardation. This method might not get the form of arc-tangent because there are not output quarter-wave plates in three and six phase-stepping methods. Therefore, this paper corrected it by load-stepping method.

另外，为了使相位展开技术能顺利完成，进而得到相对的延迟量，在修正等色线包裹相位图中的不连续点时，本文使用之方法是将修正完的正确等倾线数值带入等色线公式中，此法在三场与六场中因为少掉了输出的四分之一波板，造成公式的结果使得条纹角度分布非反正切形式，因此需另外使用负载相移法来做修正。

This paper introduces the subdivided technology of stepping motor using s-c processor, and discusses the subdivided technology project of stepping motor, It come out a solution about the subdividing drive circuit of stepping motor using current compose vector circumrotate.

本文介绍了用单片机实现步进电机高精度细分技术，在对现有的步进电机的细分技术方案探讨的同时，提出了步进电机的细分驱动电路通过电流合成矢量的旋转来实现的解决方案，使步进电机的细分技术提高到了高精度细分的水平。

In FJR control literature, integral manifold approach, observer approach and back-stepping are the most popular methodologies.

在柔性关节机器人控制领域，采用的最多的是积分流形、观测器及back-stepping方法。

Nonlinear adaptive back-stepping tracking control for permanent magnet linear servo motor based on tuning function is addressed.

对永磁直线伺服电动机提出基于调整函数的非线性自适应Back-stepping跟踪控制。

At the end, using back-stepping technique, control laws are designed for each control variable to guarantee the globally uniformly ultimately boundedness of all state variables and the convergency of system output.

控制规律的设计仍采用反步法(Back-stepping)，对于每个不确定项，都设计了一个动态估计环节以应对其影响，最终保证了全部状态变量的一致最终有界性和系统输出的收敛性。

First, we consider nonholonomic chained systems with modeling error, in this section,based on back-stepping , using the so-called adding a integrator , state-scaling technique , we design discontinuous feedback law,such that the trival solution of the closed-loop systems global strong stable; Second,we consider high-order nonholonomic chained systems with modeling errors and external disturbances, in this section,using input/state-scaling and integrator backstepping methods , we design discontinuous feedback law and give out the switching strategy, such that the closed-loop systems global /C-exponential stable; Finally, we consider a class of more general power chained form systems with particular drift-terms, in this section , using Lyapunov method, we design time-varying feedback law , such that the closed -loop systems p—exponential stable.

第一部分考虑的模型为带有模型误差的高阶非完整链系统，我们运用加幂积分器、State-scaling技巧以及基于Back-stepping方法构造出不连续反馈律，从而使得所讨论系统的闭环系统的平凡解全局强稳定；第二部分考虑的模型为带有模型误差的不确定高阶非完整链系统，这一部分我们运用input／state scaling和integrator backstepping方法构造出不连续反馈律，并给出切换策略，使得所对应的闭环系统全局κ-指数稳定；第三部分考虑的系统是形式更为一般的且带有特殊形式漂移项的幂链系统，利用Lyapunov函数方法，设计出时变反馈律，从而使得相应的闭环系统ρ-指数稳定。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。