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It is the first important step in video analysis and will directly affects the effectiveness of indexing Shot boundary detection is one of our major research interests and we will tackle the following existing problems the ambiguity between gradual change and camera motion, the discontinuity during gradual change, false detection caused by illumination variation and flashlight, automatic threshold selection Firstly, we discuss shot boundary detection in non-compressed domain In chapter 2, we compare some of the commonly used detection methods which are based on frame difference and point out that single feature will not generate good results As a conclusion, we use fuzzy logic to combine multiple features Presently, most frame difference based shot boundary detection algorithms rely on threshold and hence the selection of such thresholds will greatly affect the performance of boundary detection We propose a membership function to define frame difference and calculate the membership with self adaptation according to the statistic distribution of frame differences to satisfy different type of video clips Experiments show that the proposed fuzzy shot boundary detection algorithm can be used with different video types and has a high detection precision and recall In chapter 3, we discuss model-based shot boundary detection algorithms regarding chromatic and spatial editing effects such as fade-in, fade-out, dissolve and wipe Various parameters are proposed to better describe the characteristics of each editing type.

镜头边界的检测是把视频自动地分割为一个个镜头，作为基本的索引单元，因此它是视频分析重要的第一步，直接影响到视频检索的成败。镜头边界的检测是本文研究的重点之一。目前镜头边界检测算法主要存在以下问题：渐变与镜头运动难以区别；渐变过程中的不连续与停顿、光照条件的变化及闪光灯等特殊情况会引起误检测；自动选择阈值比较困难等。本文首先针对非压缩域视频进行了镜头边界检测的研究。在第二章中我们采用了比较流行的基于帧间差的方法。在比较各种帧间差计算方法的基础上，指出使用单一的特征难以取得很好的检测效果，提出用模糊逻辑综合使用各种特征。目前大多数基于帧间差的镜头边界检测算法都采用阈值法进行镜头转换的判别。阈值选择的误差对检测性能有较大的影响，本文提出用隶属度函数定义帧间差较大、中等较大和较小等概念，并根据帧间差的统计分布自适应地确定隶属度，以适应不同类型的视频片断。实验结果表明这种基于糊逻辑的镜头边界检测算法可以适应不同的视频，并具有较高的检测精度和检出率。在第三章中采用基于模型的方法进行镜头渐变的检测，研究了淡入／淡出、慢转换和扫换的模型。

Besides, the bracket should be laid step by step in case one battery lying directly on other batteries.

架应逐步布置以使电池不直接放置在其它电池上。

We controlled the composition of reactants and reaction time to study their relations and their effects on optical characteristics, morphology and physical property of the formed coatings. The particle size of silica and modified silica were measured by TEM and light scattering. The surface morphologies of the films were observed by FESEM, SEM, and α-step. FTIR and EDAX were employed to investigate the chemical bondings in the coatings.

实验中调整反应组成物(TEOS、HCl、DPHA、MSMA)和反应条件彼此间的反应关系作分析，探讨反应物添加量对混成材料的光学、形态学、物性之影响，利用粒径分析仪，TEM观察粒径大小及分布、利用FESEM，SEM，α-step观察表面形态学，，而其化学分析部份，利用FTIR，EDAX检测其化学结构及元素分析。

In accordance with the principle of "three equalities" and the realities of China's economic and social development, electing deputies to the people's congresses based on the same population ratio in urban and rural areas is an important step in upholding and improving the system of people's congresses and also a major move in developing socialist democratic politics. It will further guarantee the right of urban and rural residents to vote on an equal footing, and promote the continued development of human rights in China. It carries profound historical significance in fully bringing into play the enthusiasm of all sectors of society, in making a unified plan for the balanced development of urban and rural areas, and in promoting social harmony.

按照&三个平等&的原则，根据我国经济社会发展实际，实行城乡按相同人口比例选举人大代表，是坚持和完善人民代表大会制度的重要内容，是发展社会主义民主政治的重要举措，将进一步保障城乡居民享有平等的选举权，推进我国的人权事业不断发展，对充分调动各方面的积极性，统筹城乡协调发展和促进社会和谐，具有重大而深远的历史意义。

According to procedures, the design drawings submitted to the fire, the fire is the first step in monitoring, because She was called to meet the "first step" and eat a ticket.

按照程序，报送消防设计图纸，是消防监督的第一步，周女士是因为不肯配合&第一步&而吃了罚单。

The peoples governments at all levels and relevant functional departments shall do a good job step by step in the work of employment arrangement, social security and change of vehicles, safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of the disabled people according to law, and strengthen the administration of motor tricars.

各级人民政府和有关职能部门，应当有步骤地做好安置就业、社会保障和车辆置换的工作，依法保障残疾人的合法权益，加强对有动力装置的三轮车的管理。

This research is to develope an OOEDBMS which is fit for practical application, especially in the environment under STEP. Upon this, a more advanced purpose is to form the O-O data model and to study on the features which OOEDBMS should possess.

本研究的目的是开发一个适应STEP标准下工程环境的面向对象工程数据库管理系统OSCAR，着重于OOEDBMS在实践中的应用，并提出面向对象的数据模型，对面向对象的基本特性进行形式化的描述。

On the basis of it, the basic facility engineering of Guizhou Radio and TV University is promoted step by step in three periods.

在此基础上，贵州电大系统的现代远程教育基础设施建设工程分三期逐步推进。

The first excavator manual has been available 130 years of history has gone through during the fight by the steam-driven rotary excavator to the internal combustion engine and electric drive rotary excavator hydraulic application integration technology of the automatic hydraulic excavator Step by step in the development process.

第一台手动挖掘机问世至今已有130多年的历史，期间经历了由蒸汽驱动斗回转挖掘机到电力驱动和内燃机驱动回转挖掘机、应用机电液一体化技术的全自动液压挖掘机的逐步发展过程。

The system is built in the VC++6.0 environment on the basis of PC flat roof, DSP locomotion control card and relevant drivers. Its software design can be reconstructed based on the modularized function block technology, and thus a modularized STEP-NC Milling system is built.

在Visual C++6.0环境下，以PC平台、DSP运动控制卡及相应的驱动器为基础，基于功能块技术的模块化可重构软件设计，建立模块化的STEP-NC铣削数控系统。

The absorption and distribution of chromium were studied in ryeusing nutrient culture technique and pot experiment.

采用不同浓度K2CrO4(0，0.4，0.8和1.2 mmol/L)的Hoagland营养液处理黑麦幼苗，测定铬在黑麦体内的亚细胞分布、铬化学形态及不同部位的积累。

By analyzing theory foundation of mathematical morphology in the digital image processing, researching morphology arithmetic of the binary Image, discussing two basic forms for the least structure element: dilation and erosion.

通过分析数学形态学在图像中的理论基础，研究二值图像的形态分析算法，探讨最小结构元素的两种基本形态：膨胀和腐蚀；分析了数学形态学复杂算法的基本原理，把数学形态学的部分并行处理理念引入到家实际应用中。