查询词典 starting friction

In order to reasonably depict four basic problems with friction, one Coulomb friction new form in first Kirchhoff stress is proposed to deal with finite deformation problems, other Coulomb friction form in incremental mode to elastoplastic flow theory; Hilbert function spaces concerning elastoplastical problems with friction are established, so it makes all operations and calculations in the treatise standardized within the scope of reasonably topologic structure; In view of functional extremum, the equivalence between generalized variational inequalities principles in elastoplasticity with friction and corresponding basic problems are testified by inducing Lagrangian multipliers, so it provides a rationally theoretical basis for numerical methods in elastoplasticity with friction; From the viewpoint of variational inequality, the theory of generalized variational inequalities in elasticity and elastoplasticity with frictional constraint is studied, and the uniqueness and existence of the solution of FEM is proofed under the proposed conditions of stress compatibility, and them FEM approximation and a discrete solution are discussed; Based on the principles of generalized variational inequalities in elastoplasticity with friction, direct generalized variational inequalities methods is pretended, which is a natural generalization and development of direct variational methods; Using generalized variational inequalities methods, some examples in metal forming including plane deformation, upset and extrusion are analyzed and the results prove that all the theories and methods in the paper are right, feasible, accurate and advanced.

主要内容有：为了合理地描述金属塑性成形中摩擦约束弹性、弹塑性基本问题，提出和研究了有限变形下以Kirchhoff第一应力表示的Coulomb摩擦定律形式和弹塑性流动理论下以增量形式表示的Coulomb摩擦定律表示形式；系统建立了摩擦约束弹塑性问题的Hilbert函数空间，使本文规范在一个具有合理的代数拓扑结构内进行一切操作和运算；利用Lagrange乘子，从泛函极值的角度系统地阐述和论证了一系列摩擦约束弹性、弹塑性广义变分不等原理与相应的实际问题之间的等价性，它为处理摩擦约束的弹塑性力学数值方法提供了合理的理论基础；从变分不等式的角度出发，阐述了对应于摩擦约束弹性、弹塑性问题的广义变分不等式理论，首次提出了在应力相容性条件下，它的有限元解具有存在唯一性，进而讨论了其有限元近似及离散解法；基于摩擦约束弹塑性广义变分不等式原理，首次提出了直接广义变分不等式方法，这一方法是直接变分法的合理推广和发展；利用直接广义变分不等式方法对金属压力加工中的平面变形问题、镦粗、挤压等塑性成形问题进行了分析计算，验证了该理论和数值算法的正确性、实用性、精确性和优越性。

Friction are many ways to fitness, with a dry towel friction body, known as "dry cloth friction"; with a soft brush friction, known as "brush friction"; with a cold towel wrung friction is called "cold-water friction"; also can be used "hand-rub the Law" and so on.

磨擦健身的方法很多，用干毛巾磨擦全身，叫作&干布磨擦&；用柔软的刷子磨擦，称为&刷子磨擦&；用拧干的冷毛巾磨擦叫&冷水磨擦&；此外还可以采用&手擦法&等等。

The rule of dry sliding friction wear of vermicular iron was analyzed. The influence of working conditions, composition and structure on dry sliding friction characteristics was investigated, 3D morphologies of friction surfaces of vermicular iron and temperature characteristics of friction surface were discussed. The results showed that, compared with nodular and gray irons, vermicular iron has lowest wear rate, highest friction coefficient and lowest friction coefficient attenuation, so it is suitable to be as the material of braking device.

分析了蠕墨铸铁的干滑动摩擦磨损规律，研究了工况条件、成分、组织对蠕墨铸铁干滑动摩擦学特性的影响，探讨了蠕墨铸铁摩擦表面二维形貌与摩擦表面温度特性，结果表明：蠕墨铸铁与球墨铸铁和灰铸铁相比具有最低的磨损率和最高的摩擦系数与最低的摩擦系数衰减量，适合于作为制动器材料。

The law of factors' affecting degree, which influences the parameters between geogrids and soils in the pulling-out procedure, is obtained. With the concept of 'equivalent pull-out displacement' brought forward, the whole process of pull out tests is divided into two process-" main process (when x 1.0)" and "residual process (when x 1.0)", and three stages-static friction resistance stage, slip friction resistance stage, and residual friction resistance stage.2 The value of friction coefficient between reinforcement and soil varies with their definitions of friction, but each factor' s affecting degree influencing friction pa

将模糊控制理论引入了岩土工程过程分析，考虑影响因素影响程度的变化及其规律，提出了一套可供岩土工程过程分析中参数选择的分析方法，并在筋土界面相互作用参数选取的拉拔试验过程控制中获得实施，为应用有限元法对加筋土结构进行过程中南大学博士论文摘要分析提供了参数选择的新方法；将模糊聚类分析方法应用于加筋土陡边坡状态评定，并提出侧向位移可作为加筋土边坡状态评定的量化指标，而不同类型边坡的侧向位移允许控制值可仿效此法结合工程经验确定。

The test results indicated that the precision of thetorque Sensor on the cool-starting resistance torque and starting rotate speed of the diesel engine can respectively reach 0.6 %and 0.5%, which completely satisfy the cool-starting requirements of the diesel engine at low temperature; the performance curvesof the cool-starting resistance torque for diesel engine on the condition of the different low temperature were accurately obtained,and the variation rules of the performance parameters about the starting rotate speed and the starting power for the diesel enginewere estimated, whichwas the academic basis on the optimalmatching of the cool-starting parts about the diesel engine, the elec-tromotor and storage battery and so on.

结果表明：转矩传感器用来测试低温起动阻力矩和转速的准确度分别达到0·6%、0·5%，满足柴油机低温起动系统测试指标的要求；准确地测得了在不同转速和不同温度下的阻力矩性能曲线，同时也能判断出柴油机的起动转速和起动功率等性能参数的变化趋势及规律，为柴油机、电动机和蓄电池等低温起动部件的优化匹配提供了理论依据。

The friction performances of carbon face were investigated with an inertia friction tester. The torque curve of carbon face was ideal, the coefficient of static friction was lower than that of dynamic in 0.28 MPa, the friction coefficient of static and dynamic decreased with the braking pressure increasing. To the fiber face, the coefficient of dynamic friction of carbon face was more stable in cycle braking process, the wear rate was lower, and it was efficient to protect the couple plate not to be worn.

结果表明：碳质层的摩擦力矩在制动初期上升较快，中间过渡区平稳，尾部翘起较小；在制动压力小于0.28 MPa时静摩擦系数小于动摩擦系数，且动、静摩擦系数均随制动压力增加而减小；相对纤维层而言，采用碳质层摩擦时摩擦力矩曲线形态更好，连续制动时摩擦系数波动较小，磨损率低且能够有效保护偶件，是1种静/动摩擦系数比较低且适用于高载荷工况条件下使用的摩擦材料。

It is difficult to measure the static friction coefficient of the material like polyurethane. The state of friction under very low velocity with small sliding distance is a special state between static and dynamic friction. This state of friction can be called initial stages'friction.

聚氨酯弹性体材料的静摩擦系数是比较难以确定的，本文建议把滑动量较小而滑动速度又很低的这一时期的摩擦称为"初期摩擦"，它是界于静摩擦与动摩擦之间的一种特殊的摩擦状态。

And more, the article dissects the friction of the joggle, notarizes that the character of the friction is mixed friction which is near boundary friction, and get a conclusion that the rolling part of friction can be neglect through a c...

继而对该处的摩擦问题进行剖析，确认滑动性质为接近边界摩擦的混合摩擦，并且通过一个实例计算得出滚动摩擦部分可忽略不计的结论。

The test shows that the butt friction welding process of copper and stainless steel bar can be divided into the following stages approximately: the adhesion at the beginning of friction,friction inside the copper,the expansion of the plastic ring and the friction on the bound surface of copper-stainless steel and the friction in stainless ...

结果表明铜与不锈钢棒料的对接摩擦焊过程大致可分为初始摩擦的粘着；铜内摩擦、塑性环扩展；铜、不锈钢界面摩擦及不锈钢体内摩擦3个主要阶段。在接头形成过程中经历了两次摩擦面的转移。其内容对促进异种材料摩擦焊的接头形成机理研究有积极的作用。

A U-shaped friction disk A and several centrifugal springs connected to a friction block are installed to the output shaft of engine. Several centrifugal springs connected to another friction block are fixed to another U-shaped friction disk B. Said U-shaped friction disk has a central output shaft with small gear. The small gear, big gear and output chain wheel are installed to drive shaft.

在发动机的输出轴上装有&U&形摩擦盘和分别等分固接有连接摩擦块的数个离心弹簧，另一&U&形摩擦盘外等分固接有连接另一摩擦块的数个离心弹簧，另一&U&形摩擦盘开口朝向发动机内侧、镶嵌在摩擦块&U&形摩擦盘内侧间，另一&U&形摩擦盘外侧中心的输出轴上装有小齿轮；在传动轴装有另一小齿轮、大齿轮和输出链轮，大齿轮与另一&U&形摩擦盘上的小齿轮啮合；脚踩曲柄的轮轴上有与超越离合器相连的另一大齿轮与传动轴的另一小齿轮啮合。

The circulation, consumption and reproduction of the trilogy have not only testified to its historical significance and literariness, but also invested it with new meanings.

该三部曲的流通、消费与再生产不仅验证了其历史意义及文学性，而切还赋予它以新的意义。

If he thought that he could buy me off, he would be wrong.

如果他认为他可以收买我，那他就大错特错了。