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During the postgenomics era the information about genomic sequence and gene functions provides a new foundation for evolutionary biology and ecology As the first whole-genome sequenced plant Arabidopsis thaliana and its wild relatives have played a critical role in understanding the evolution of genomics and speciation Both A halleri and A lyrata are closely related to the model species A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera occurs in northeastern China Japan and Taiwan; while its sister A halleri ssp halleri is mainly distributed in Europe Geographical barriers such as Tienshan Mountain Range isolate these intraspecific sisters Likewise A lyrata ssp kamchatica and ssp lyrata occur in East Asia and North America respectively Such distribution patterns seem to be consistent with allopartic speciation The comparison between ancestral and extant polymorphism by multilocus can be informative about the population genetics of speciation In this study we collected and analyzed DNA sequences of 98 genes from four wild relatives of A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera A halleri ssp halleri A lyrata ssp kamchatica and A lyrata ssp lyrata The ancestral states of these four species were compared to each other in terms of level of genetic variation However the ancestral species at the time of speciation were substantially more polymorphic than the extant geographical populations The observations are not fully compatible with speciation by strict allopatry At some species pairs parapatric speciation seems more reasonable in speciation of Arabidopsis The 98 gene sequences are also used for the congruence test between gene genealogy and species phylogeny Only 28 genes support the species phylogeny but there are 23 genes supports another major genealogy { lyrata} thaliana Based on the phylogenetic position change of A lyrata ssp kamchatica and Ks value for each species pair suggested the recent directional gene flow between A halleri ssp gemmifera and A lyrata ssp kamchatica

阿拉伯芥是第一个完成基因体定序的开花植物，其基因体资讯提供植物学研究的重要依据；在解析阿拉伯芥属物种的亲缘关系以及种化机制等重要的演化议题时，阿拉伯芥近缘的野生物种自然成了不可或缺的关键；跟阿拉伯芥近缘的物种包括A halleri及A lyrata，其中A halleri ssp gemmifera主要分布於中国东北、日本以及台湾，与近缘的A halleri ssp halleri其分布於欧洲隔著天山及大陆的障蔽，而A lyrata ssp kamchatica主要分布於东北亚及台湾，与分布於北美五大湖的A lyrata ssp lyrata被北极圈所分隔，这样的分布模式暗示异域种化的可能。藉由多基因分析比较祖先物种与现生物种遗传歧异度的相关可提供讯息探讨种化时期的族群遗传结构，本研究针对A halleri ssp gemmifera、A halleri ssp halleri及A lyrata ssp kamchatica、A lyrata ssp lyrata四个物种，两对互为亚种的姊妹群，以阿拉伯芥为外群进行研究，在四个物种完成98个同源基因的分子序列，利用套装软体MCMCcoal来估算祖先物种的遗传变异，亦估算现生物种的核苷酸歧异度，观察到？多物种配对中祖先物种遗传多型性大於现生物种DNA歧异度，显示异域种化模型并无法完全解释阿拉伯芥属物种的种化模式，在某些物种配对间邻域种化模式应比异域种化更为可能；在基因树与物种树的比较，98个基因片段的亲缘模式只有28个是与已知物种树一致的，有23个基因其树状图支持{ lyrata} thaliana的型式，藉由kamchatica位置的变化以及估算各物种配对间的平均同义置换率，推测在A halleri ssp gemmifera与A lyrata ssp kamchatica间具有近代的单方向基因交流。

According to the habitat types, weed species can be induced into 5 species groups. In the edge habitat, species were almost perennials which can endure dankness. In abandoned habitat with debris, species were tall perennials of Compositae. In abandoned habitat with soil, species were almost annuals which can endure leanness. Short-lived species appeared in spring in the habitat with human disturbance taking no care of environment effects. Species which can endure trampling were prostrate perennials

林下—林缘型种组所包含的物种多是多年生耐阴湿物种；废弃空地型种组所包含的物种多是多年生菊科高茎草；废弃空地型所包含的物种多是一年生耐贫瘠物种，亦有草质藤本葎草；春季短寿命型种组所包含的物种多是冬季一年生物种，在春季短时间占据生境，不能很好地体现生境特征；耐践踏型种组所包含的物种多是多年生匍匐、耐践踏物种。

Taking the fishery stocks status of no-overfishing in the coast of Guangdong in 1964～1965 as stock structure in good condition, according to the result of background survey of 16 artificial reefs area of Guangdong during 2002～2004, the historical change of stock structure of the coast of Guangdong had been studied, combined with some relative data, the species of enhancement for the artificial reefs area of Guangdong were put forward to choose: 38 species of fish, 13 species of shrimp, 4 species of lobster, 5 species of crab, 18 species of shellfish, 8 species of holothurian, 27 species of seaweed.

以1964～1965年广东沿海没有捕捞过度的渔业资源状况作为处于良好状态的资源结构，根据2002～2004年广东16个人工鱼礁区的渔业资源本底调查结果研究了广东沿海渔业资源结构的历史变动，结合有关资料，提出了广东人工鱼礁区可供选择的增殖放流种类为：鱼38种、虾13种、龙虾4种、蟹5种、贝18种、海参8种和海藻27种。

The orders with high species richness were Hymenoptera (168 species), Diptera (90 species), Coleoptera (44 species), Homoptera (26 species), Hemiptera (23 species), Araneida (18 species) and Lepidoptera (12 species).

棉田节肢动物物种较丰富的目为膜翅目(168种)、双翅目(90种)、鞘翅目(44种)、同翅目(26种)、半翅目(23种)、蜘蛛目(18种)和鳞翅目(12种)，棉田物种数最多的科为姬蜂科和姬小蜂科，分别有22和21个物种。

Covering an area bigger than the United Kingdom, it is also a priceless and unimaginably fragile world heritage site, home to 30 species of whales, dolphins and porpoises; six species of sea turtles; 125 species of shark, stingray and skate; 5,000 species of mollusc; nine species of seahorse; 215 species of birds; 17 species of sea snake; 2,195 known plant species and more than 1,500 species of fish.

这里生活着30多种鲸鱼、海豚、以及鼠海豚，6种海龟，125种鲨鱼、黄貂鱼和鳐鱼，5千多种软体动物，9种海马，215种鸟类、17种海蛇，2195种已知植物，以及1500多种鱼类。

Species in Ciconiiformes, 6 species in Gruiformse, 17 species in Anseriformes, 16 species in Charadriiformes, 1 species in Gaviiformes, 1 species in Podicipedifromse, 1 species in Phalacrocoraciformes, 6 species in Lariformes. The largest number of them came from Anseriformes and Lariformes .

本次调查共记录到56种水鸟，分别属于8目13科，其中鹳形目8种鹤形目6种，雁形目17种，形目16种，潜鸟目1种，鸊鷉目1种，鹈形目1种，鸥形目6种，数量最多的是鸥形目和雁形目的水鸟。

The single-celled phytoplankton included 116 inshore wide distribution species, 31 inshore warm-water species and 26 inshore temperate species, and the vascular plants were of 6 ecological groups, i.e., halophtes (24 species), hydrophtes (22 species), amphiphytes (35 species ), mesopllytes (103 species), zerophytes (6 species), and psammons (4 species). Halophtes, hydrophtes, and amphiphytes were the edificators and dominants, reflecting the azonal feature of the wetland vegetations. The vascular plants were divided into 5 life-forms, including 20 phaenerophytes, 4 chamaephytes, 54 hemicryptophytes, 48 geophytes and 68 therophytes, among which, hemicryptophytes and geophytes accounted for 52.58%, reflecting the relatively important function of cold and wet climate and local water-accumulated bottomland environment on the vascular flora formation.

区系中的单细胞浮游藻类包括近岸广布种116种、近岸暖水种31种、近岸温带种26种；维管束植物被划分为6大生态类群，包括盐生植物24种、水生植物22种、湿生植物35种、中生植物103种、旱生植物6种、沙生植物4种，保护区内湿地植被的建群种、优势种均为水生植物、湿生植物或盐生植物，反映了湿地植被的隐域性；维管束植物按照生活型划分，有20种高位芽植物、4种地上芽植物、54种地面芽植物、48种地下芽植物和68种1年生植物，其中地面芽植物、地下芽植物占区系植物总种数的比例较高，占52.58%，反映冷湿气候和局部低洼积水环境对区系的形成起较重要作用。

The results showed that the freshwater species were predominant, and 45 species of algal (5 phylums, 32 genera), in which 18 species of Bacillariophyta belong to 12 genera, 15 species of Chlorophyta one genus, 10 species of Cyanophyta 7 genera, and one specie of Euglenphyta and Chrysophyta; 37 species of zooplankton, in which 9 species of Protozoa, 14 species of Rotifera,...

结果表明，淡水种类占绝对优势，藻类5门32属45种，其中硅藻12属18种，绿藻1属15种，蓝藻7属10种，裸藻、金藻各1属1种；浮游动物共计37种，其中原生动物9种，轮虫14种，枝角类2种，桡足类8种，浮游幼虫及其它4种；底栖动物20种，分别为环节动物的多毛类7种，寡毛类2种，软体动物8种，甲壳动物2种，鱼类1种。

In terms of faunal geographical elements of grasshopper communities, 48 species of grasshopper were recorded, belonging to 31 genera, 7 families. Among those species, the palaearctic species with 41 species recorded are dominant, accounting for 85.42% of the total species number of the region; the endemic species with 2 species, accounting for a comparable small part; the widly-distributed accounting for a relatively larger proportion, with 5 species and 10.42% of the total.

从蝗虫的区系地理成分来看，长白山地区共有48种蝗虫构成了蝗虫群落，它们隶属于7科，31属；其中古北种占有绝对优势地位，计41种，占该区蝗虫总数的85.42％；东洋种所占比例较小，只有2种，占总数的4.17％；广布种5种，占该区蝗虫总数的10.42％；特有种所占比例较小，只有5种，占该区蝗虫总数的10.42％。

However remarkable impacts were observed in the plantation in terms of community physiognomy,community structure,species composition,species richness,and biomass accumulation.1 Planting trees made community structure simple.Betula alnoidis plantation had three layers including a dominant arbor layer,a complex and well developed shrub layer and a poorly developed vine layer.The arbor layer contained few species and had a single layer.The mountain rain forest had 4 layers including the dominant arbor layer,shrub layer,grass layer and vine layer.The vine layer was well developed and very rich in species composition,and the arbor layer contained as many as 38 species that could be grouped into 3 layers.2 Sequenced by the important value,main species for the plantation and the nature forest were totally different,and the plantation had one dominant species while the nature forest contained many dominant species.3 Planting trees changed the community physiognomy.

但是人工种植西南桦林对群落的季相外貌、群落的结构、物种组成、物种丰富度以及生物量等方面有较大的影响。1人工造林使得群落结构简化，西南桦人工林的层次结构有3层，以乔木层占优势，并且有种类多而发达的灌木层，同时，藤本植物欠发达，但是乔木层树种单一，明显仅有一层；山地雨林的层次结构有4层，以乔木层占优势，还有灌木层、草本层和藤本植物，藤本植物种类多，十分发达；乔木层树种丰富，可达38种，乔木层还可分为3层。2人工造林较大程度地改变了群落的物种组成，根据重要值的大小排列，人工林和天然林的主要物种组成已经完全不同；并且人工林单优树种明显，而天然林就含有较多的优势树种。3人工造林改变了群落的外貌。

Neither the killing of Mr Zarqawi nor any breakthrough on the political front will stop the insurgency and the fratricidal murders in their tracks.

在对危险的南部地区访问时，他斥责什叶派民兵领导人对中央集权的挑衅行为。

In fact,I've got him on the satellite mobile right now.

实际上 我们已接通卫星可视电话了