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Critical angle of refraction - semi-circular cylindrical mobile light source, the incident angle change the size of refraction angle to change at this time, when the refraction angle = 90 degrees, which is critical at this time angle of incidence angle, the critical angle of water at 40 degrees large about anything mobile source of water in the water screen that is a reflection of light, a phenomenon that total reflection.

光折射的临界角定义：光折射角=90度时，入射角即为临界角，按二方法，将半导体激光光源去掉铁夹，吸附在右下角的铁板上入射光对准中心，即产生折射光线，沿半圆形柱面移动光源，改变入射角的大小，这时折射角也改变，当折射角=90度时，这时入射角即为临界角，水的临界角大的在40度左右，再做移动光源在水中的水屏即出现反射光线，这种现象称全反射。

Light output analysis tests character of spectrum radiate of pyrotechnic mixtures and analyses wave band distribute of light by comparing different static blaze spectrograms of the pyrotechnic mixtures. Screen out the better pyrotechnic mixtures according to request of pumping source. Press experiments in airtight erupt container experiment, which simulate the circumstance that pyrotechnic mixtures deflagrate in quartz pipe, realize the press influence to the quartz pipe wall and the disciplinarian of axes press variety. Apply these pyrotechnic mixtures to Nd:YAG lasers as the pumping source and compare pumping efficiency of different pyrotechnic mixtures. Pumping efficiency is an important standard which checkout if these pyrotechnic mixtures are the better pumping source. Sensitivity experiment analysis incarnate security of pyrotechnic mixtures that is the essential parameter in the process of design, manufacture and use.

通过对烟火药的热分析(爆热分析、DTA、TG)，了解备选烟火药反应过程中的能量输出特性及反应过程中的物理、化学变化规律；光输出分析实验对烟火药配方光谱辐射特征进行测试，比较其静态火焰光谱图，分析不同烟火药剂光辐射波段分布特征，根据激光泵浦源的辐射要求，进而筛选更符合激光泵浦源药剂要求的烟火药；模拟烟火药在石英管中爆燃环境的密闭爆发器压力分析实验反映了烟火药在石英管中反应时对管壁的压力影响以及管内轴向压力变化规律；将烟火药作为泵浦源应用于Nd：YAG固体激光器，比较不同烟火药的泵浦效率，作为检验烟火药是否适合作为激光泵浦源的重要标准；感度实验分析体现了各种烟火药的安全性，是烟火药设计、制造和使用的必要示性数。

Camera parameters according to the correspondence of feature points both in the image coordinates and the world coordinates with the camera calibration technology was firstly caculated. Then the main position of light source was gotten from the two erectness object and their shadows. Finally, the illumination effect of the virtual object in the light source with the position of virtual object and camera parameter was computed.

首先利用球场的特征点在图像坐标系与世界坐标系上的匹配关系计算出真实摄像机的参数；根据摄像机参数和场景中已有的物体及它们的阴影坐标来恢复主光源；并计算出虚拟物体在所求光源下光照效果的过程。

Choose the 890nm infrared LED as the light source after compared the capabilities of incandescent lamp/tungstic lamp and LED/LD and also think about the selective absorbability of water; it has strong points such as constant light intensity,long life, narrow light spectrum,etc, and use the infrared light with 890nm wavelength to decrease the influence of optical-absorption matters.Choose the photosensitive diode which suitable to the LED which we choosed after compare the capabilities of light sensitive resistor, photocell, photosensitive diode and phototriode. Both of these make up the photoelectric system of turbidimeter.

通过比较白炽灯／钨灯和发光二极管／激光二极管的各项性能指标，考虑到水对光线具有选择性吸收作用，选择890nm的红外发光二极管作为浊度仪的发光器件，其有发光光强稳定、寿命长、发光光谱窄等优点，且用波长大于800nm的红外光进行测量可以大大减小水中光吸收物质的影响；通过对光敏电阻、光电池、光敏二极管和光敏三极管等光敏器件的各项性能的分析与比较，选择响应时间短、输出特性线性度好的光敏二极管作为光接收器件，并与红外发光二极管相配套，构成浊度仪工作的重要系统——光电系统。

Firstly, the soil samples are gathered from the same section such as surface layer soil samples gathered from 0cm to 15cm depth and representation on studied object. Secondly, the precondition of tested samples must be the same. This study indicates that the tested samples must be 1mm diameter, over-dried at 40℃ for 24h and airtight cooling for 24h before measured for air-dry samples, and softly planish the surface at measuring. Lastly, the illuminating condition of light must be the same. This study indicates that the testing geometric condition are light source angle 15°, light source distance 30cm and sensor distance 15cm for soil hyperspectra indoor. The surface of white reference must be the same plane of that of sample.

第一个环节的"相同"是指田间土壤样品采集时的剖面位置一致，如表层土都采集0～15cm深度范围内的土壤，且所采集的样品应能尽量具备研究对象的代表性；第二个环节的"相同"是指土壤制备过程中的一些前处理条件应一致，建议土壤光谱测试样品的粒径1mm，风干土壤样品测试前在40℃恒温条件下烘24小时，然后密闭冷却24小时，测试时土壤表面进行稍稍压平处理；第三个环节的"相同"是保证测试光照条件的一致性，建议在50W卤素灯、8°探头角条件下，采用15°的光源照角度、30cm的光源距离和15cm作为室内士壤高光谱测试几何条件，测试时除遵循光谱测试指南的要求外，还须保证参考板表面与测试土壤样品的表面在同一平面上。

Another electroluminescent and has the type of light source such as light source.

另有场致发光和蓄光源等光源种类。

Light source selection of print, in the light source is a notable issue, iodine gallium lamp is a type of light source are appropriate for plate burning, its high continuous use, the emission wavelength of microspectroscopic spread over 350 MW to 450nm to 417nm to the highest Summit, for most printing plate photoptic layers.

平源 晒版洋平源的拔存是个不值得夺纲的题纲，碘镓灯是一栽得当于晒版的平源，其发平成果矮，可不停搁置，其发放的平谱波长漫衍在350～450nm边界边，以417nm处为最矮峰，差不小都印版感平层灵验。

Non-mainstream platform-based peripherin-small size, most of the adoption of the platform-based CTP photoptic, and the third corrosionbehaviorstudy of light source as described in the axis moved in different ways, but the plates move in x axis, the light source to the y axis on the other side by side to do, in collaboration with wirelike scan x axis mobile photoptic surface, forming the rotating linggong microscopic mobile, multiple ligtht section exposure, less mobile components.

否干不源的平台式感平小尺寸CTP，不小众拔取平台式感平，但是和第不一项所述块状平源XY轴都安放的方法差别，而是印版以X轴安放，平源以Y轴由一背向另一背怠工线状扫描，打扰X轴安放酿成感平背，有的采回旋扭转凌镜安放，有的采众平速区段曝平的差别，安放元件较少。

To technically leading products in the market stand the test,The Company and The electric light source of Fudan University,Materials Institute of China Scientific and Technical University、Source Design Studio of Northwestern University The establishment of a long-term cooperative partnership,Achieved a number of scientific and technological achievements, and made a number of patents.buibchain light electrical products are:Carbon Fiber Heater Tube、Cold Cathode Sterilizing Lamp、Halogen Heater Tube、Tungsten-lodine lamp、Ultraviolet germicidal lamp、Carbon Fiber Heaters、Energy-saving lamps、Quartz products,Crystal handicrafts, and so on.

为了产品在技术上领先、在市场上经得起考验，本公司与复旦大学电光源所、中国科技大学材料学院、美国西北大学光源设计室建立了长期的合作伙伴关系，取得了多项科技成果，并取得多项专利。宝诚照明电器的产品有：碳纤维加热管、冷阴极杀菌灯、卤素加热管、碘钨灯、紫外线杀菌灯、碳纤维取暖器、节能灯、石英制品，水晶工艺品等等。

Using the gas discharge lamp as the light source of atmospheric optical communication,the function theory and characteristic of this light source are analyzed.

以气体放电灯作为大气光通信的光源，分析了光源的工作原理及特性，对调制方式进行了选择，设计实验电路并进行了一系列调制实验，最后提出一种基于电子镇流器的大气光通信BFSK调制方法。

According to the clear water experiment, aeration performance of the new equipment is good with high total oxygen transfer coefficient and oxygen utilization ratio.

曝气设备的动力效率在叶轮转速为120rpm～150rpm时取得最大值，此时氧利用率和充氧能力也具有较高值。

The environmental stability of that world - including its crushing pressures and icy darkness - means that some of its most famous inhabitants have survived for eons as evolutionary throwbacks, their bodies undergoing little change.

稳定的海底环境─包括能把人压扁的压力和冰冷的黑暗─意谓海底某些最知名的栖居生物已以演化返祖的样态活了万世，形体几无变化。