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Information needs made tribal chiefs send messengers in primitive societies and compelled Roman emperors and Califs create efficient postal and road systems, Gutenberg's printing revolution opened the era of the press, societal requirements and political struggle in the French kingdom made King Louis XIII produce La Gazette , economic and financial needs of the Fugger family contributed to the creation of the periodic press in Germany, the freedom of the press, the growth of literacy in England created and audience for the British press in the 18th century and opened up the public sphere which contributed to the development of civil society.

信息需求迫使原始社会中的部落首领开始传送信息，也驱使罗马君主和伊斯兰教国王创建了有效的邮政公路系统。古腾堡的印刷革命开启了出版业的新纪元，法兰西帝国时期的社会需求和政治斗争则促使路易十三传版了 La Gazette 报，而富格家族的经济和金融需求推动了德国期刊业的诞生。另外，出版自由和国民文化素质的提高为18世纪的英国出版业培养了受众，同时也开拓了大众的视野，这将有利于民主社会的发展。

Information needs made tribal chiefs send messengers in primitive societies and compelled Roman emperors and Califs create efficient postal and road systems, Gutenberg's printing revolution opened the era of the press, societal requirements and political struggle in the French kingdom made King Louis

而对21世纪来说，最重要，也是最难解决的问题就是如何克服数字鸿沟，以及如何消除人们接触传统媒介和新型媒介的不公平现象，而这种不公平广泛存在于地区之间、国家之间、民族之间及人民和个人之间。

As an archaeologist, I have teaching and research interests that center on complex societies, especially prehistoric chiefdoms developing in island contexts, and their associated settlement and subsistence characteristics.

身为一个考古学家，William Ayres教授并研究岛屿的史前社会、居住型态多年，他也研究陶器的演变、石器及陶器的订年法。

Environmentalism, in turn, is becoming a new ideological tradition in addition to the ideological cleavages of advanced modern societies.

环境主义，除了成为发达的现代社会意识形态的裂痕外，又正在成为新的思想传统。

Clergies, guilds and secret societies also have that interface.

神职人员，公会和秘密协会也将有这样一个操作界面。

Clergies, guilds and secret societies also have that interface.

神职人员，公会和秘密协会也将有这样一个笨笨作界面。

The practical difficulties that may arise in certain societies for instance , when there are competing coteries of experts, or when specialization has become so complic

在特定的社会发生的实际困难在此时并不会影响到我们，例如涉及小集团的专家竞争或是专业化变得过于复杂，使门外汉感到困惑。

This "money" could be any generally accepted thing axe-heads themselves would serve, and indeed have served in some societies, and over a very large area of south-east Asia cowry's shells were used, the most often quoted form of primitive money.

这种&货币&可能是任何一种为大家所接受的东西——斧头本身就有此用处，而且的的确确在有些社会里已这样用了。在东南亚的广大地区，人们曾经将宝贝贝壳当货币，这是最常提到的原始货币形式。

In many societies and civilisations, learning occurs through games and enigmas… In this scarf, everything is draped in mystery.

社会不同，文明不同，但教育往往都是通过游戏和猜谜来进行的。

The fact that, both in Africa and in North America, there were highly developed societies and cultures long before Europeans came to dominate these places--this basic truth was denied and "written out of history" by the European conquerors and enslavers.

事实是，无论是非洲还是北美，在欧洲人统治那些地区之前，就已经产生了高度发展的社会和文化。但这些基本的事实遭到了欧洲征服者和奴隶主的拒绝，不能写入正史。

This one mode pays close attention to network credence foundation of the businessman very much.

这一模式非常关注商人的网络信用基础。

Cell morphology of bacterial ghost of Pasteurella multocida was observed by scanning electron microscopy and inactivation ratio was estimated by CFU analysi.

扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率。