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Through analysis, the thesis thinks that the economical nature of environment goods cannot be generalized by public goods or private goods, its nature has been changing between the two extremes. The environment goods is on one hand reflected in some legal arrangement in international environment statute, where the focus is the whole humankind, for example,"common heritage"; on the other hand, it is also reflected in the rules that protecting private rights in civil legal system, where the focus is the individual, for example,"the right of environment personality ". The essential part of environment justice is the social distribution of environment benefits and burdens, so the thesis centers on the social peculiarities of environment goods as social burdens and as social benefits. In detail, environment benefits are related both to property and to personality, and they are also un-produced, non-substitutive and prima goods as living resources; environment burdens are composed of LULUs and many uncertain and irreversible environment risks.

通过分析，本文认为环境物品的经济性质不能单纯地用公共物品或私人物品进行概括，其性质在此两极之间会发生变动；而法律构造中的环境物品一方面体现在国际环境法中的主要以&类&为主体的各种制度安排中，例如&人类共同遗产&，另一方面则体现在民法体系中以&个人&为主体的各种私权保护的规则中，如环境人格权等；接下来，鉴于环境正义的核心是环境利益与负担的社会分配，所以本文重点探讨了作为一种利益和作为一种负担存在的环境物品的各种独特的社会属性，具体而言，环境利益具有财产属性、人格属性、非制造性、不可替代性以及作为生存资源的前提性；而环境负担则具体包括&不可欲的局域性土地利用方式&和具有科学不确定性和不可逆性的环境风险。

Instructional Technology is not only a technological or educational problem, but also a societal, one Instructional Technology has deep sociological meaning on macroscopical social change and social control, on mesosphere social stratification and educational equality, on microcosmic social interaction and human socialization.

教育技术并非仅仅是&技术&问题、&教育&问题，也是一个&社会&问题；教育技术在宏观层面的社会变迁、社会控制，中观层面的社会分层、教育机会均等，微观层面的社会互动、人的社会化等问题上，都有深刻的社会学意涵。

Noted by www.SSEweb.net 】 Yon CHUNG (1964-), Male; Member, Experts Group on Social System Engineering; Chief Expert on Social System Engineering, Realizer Beijing Institute of Social System Engineering; Research Fellow, Research Center of Intellectual Property, China University of Politics and Law; Attorney at law, Attorney at law, Realizer Beijing Law Firm; Director, The International Research Project on "Systems Thinking of Chinese Leadership"; Former Director, Center of Legal System Engineering, Central Leadership Institute of Politics and Law, and Former Superintendent, Comprehensive Teaching Department of Social System Engineering School, China University of Politics and Law. He has been exploring the Legal System Engineering, Somatic Science, etc. under the support and instruction of H.S.TSIEN (the progenitor of Engineering Cybernetics and Chinese rocketry, missilery, spaceflight and System Engineering) from early 1980s.

常远(1964-)，男，社会系统工程专家组成员，北京实现者社会系统工程研究院首席社会系统工程专家，中国政法大学知识产权研究中心研究员，北京实现者律师事务所律师，&中国领导层系统思维&国际研究计划(The International Research Project for Systems Thinking of Chinese Leadership)主持人。20世纪80年代初开始在钱学森(工程控制论奠基者，中国火箭、导弹、航天、系统工程之父)支持和指导下从事法治系统工程和人体科学等领域探索；曾任国家教育委员会北京教授讲学团法治系统工程研究所所长、中央政法管理干部学院法治系统工程中心主任、中国政法大学社会工程学院综合教学部负责人；1993被联合国区域间犯罪与司法研究院列入专家名册，1996年被授予&司法部优秀青年&称号。

It has many social ructions, is the paste of social organizations, the bisis of social assmble power, and the motive power of social system.

它具有多层面的社会功能，是社会组织的粘合剂、社会凝聚力的基础及社会系统的动力。

The social civilization refers to the civilization evolution condition which takes the society as the essence; Viewed from the embryology vision-fields, the social civilization derives from the historical soil of political country, which is the pulling-out from political country; Viewed from the fact-judgment vision-fields, the social civilization realizes the inter-containing between civil society and political country, which is the reorganization to the political country; Viewed from the value-judgment vision-fields, the practice essence of social civilization with the politics vision-fields is to realize the person's full scale development and sustainable development.

社会文明指的是以社会为本位的文明进化状态；从发生学的角度来考察，社会文明形成于政治国家的历史土壤，是对政治国家的抽离与解构；从事实判断的角度来分析，社会文明在新的基础上实现了市民社会与政治国家的涵化，是对政治国家的重组与再造；从价值判断的角度来审视，政治学语境中社会文明的实践本质在于实现人的全面发展与可持续发展。

Based on the research of the medical security systems in seventeen typical countries, this dissertation concludes that all systems are composed of the following five models, namely social medical aid, social medical insurance, national health services, market-oriented medical insurance and individual saving medical security. These five models could be further divided into three types, i. e. public benefit type (including social medical aid model and national health services model), insurance type (including social medical insurance model and market oriented medical insurance model) and self-security type (individual saving medical security).

在对17个案例国家和地区医疗保障制度体系分析研究的基础上，本文归纳出了构成各国医疗保障制度体系的最基本的制度单元——五种制度模式，即社会医疗救助制度模式、社会医疗保险制度模式、国家卫生服务保障制度模式、市场医疗保险制度模式、个人储蓄医疗保障制度模式，并将这五种制度模式进一步归并为福利型(社会医疗救助制度模式和国家卫生服务保障制度模式)、保险型(社会医疗保险制度模式和市场医疗保险制度模式)、自保型(个人储蓄医疗保障制度模式)三种体制类型。

First, the rural social security system should be developed in accordance with the national conditions, including economic and social development status quo, people's views and security traditions. Next, the thesis puts forward the guiding thought and general principles for the establishment of the system based on the national conditions, and clearly sets forth the idea of establishing the transitional rural social security system. Then, the thesis makes explanation and analysis respectively on the existing security types, hoping to find the proper components of the rural social security system that is suited to the conditions of the country. At last, the thesis puts forward the objective mode and transitional mode of the establishment of the system at the macro level. The objective mode is the development direction of the transitional mode, and the transitional mode is a necessary stage of the objective mode. Only when establishing the vigorous transitional mode that is suited to the national conditions and achieving development, can the objective mode be possibly realized in the self-evolution of the transitional mode.

首先，我国农村社会保障制度建设应当立足于我国的基本国情，包括经济社会发展现状、人们的观念、保障传统等方面；其次，在基本国情的基础上提出了建立我国农村社会保障制度的指导思想和一般原则，明确提出了建立过渡型农村社会保障制度的构想；而后，本文对农村社会保障现存的几种保障方式一一做出了说明和分析，以期为构建适合我国国情的农村社会保障制度模式找到合适的构成要素；最后，本文从较为宏观的层次提出了我国农村社会保障制度建设的目标模式和过渡模式，目标模式是过渡模式的发展方向，而过渡模式是目标模式建设的必经阶段，只有在建立适合国情具有活力的过渡模式并取得发展的基础上，目标模式才有可能在过渡模式本身的自我升级过程中逐步实现。

Social stratification is longitudinal study to social structure, also important premise to analysis of social relationship and social action.

社会分层是对社会结构的纵向探究，也是解析社会关系与社会行动的重要前提。

The speeding up of the process of urbanization implies that there will be a lot of agricultural population changing into urban population. One necessary requirement is to provide a path to enter the social security system for those who are mainly engaged in non-agricultural industries but live in rural areas. However, due to the non-agricultural populations not participating in the social insurance system, it is hard for them to accumulate the insurance fund. Because of the dual urban and rural social security system, it is difficult for the social insurance to link up.

城市化进程的加快，意味着将有大量的农业人口转化为城市人口，其中的一个必要条件就是为非农化人口(主要从事着非农产业但户口在农村的人口)提供进入城市的社会保障制度通道，但由于有可能转变为市民的非农化人口在农村时没有参加社会保险，使其在城市参加社会保险时保险基金的累积和交费期受到一定制约；由于城乡的二元社会保障制度，使得由于人口流动所产生的社会保险的衔接出现困难。

Based on the results of two telephone surveys, the study finds that Hong Kong people showed varying degrees of dissatisfaction with the three major dimensions of social welfare in Hong Kong: the control of social problems, the fulfillment of social needs, and the maximisation of social opportunities.

本文发现香港市民对社会福利的三个层面-社会问题的控制、社会需要的满足及社会流动机会的保障，均存有不同程度的不满。

I will endeavour to find you some assistance.

我尽力帮你找人帮忙。

At first I only know bruck is the idol of American younglings, afterwards I returned back to Taiwan ,even in Beijing last year ,I saw her poster everywhere, I was so surprised at her charm.

起初我只晓得布鲁克雷德丝是美国少男少女崇拜的偶像，后来回台湾，甚至去年在北京，居然也四处看见她的海报，才惊讶她的魅力之大。