查询词典 social studies

The social consciousness of honesty which ever valued mutual honesty, mutual respect and promise-keeping was distorted, and the concept of social honesty became hazy because it no longer had the efficacy in *** people "know to believe" intrinsically, and "speak to act" extrinsically. So it led to the mental disorder of the social honesty among the common people who suffered from mentality of doubt, group following-like-sheep mentality, and mentality of dual personality. Therefore they abandoned the expectation of social honesty, stayed away from social honesty mentally and behaviorally and had a cold complex towards social honesty in mind. The social honesty in the whole society became fragile as empty sermon, mendacious demonstration and open lies turned into the fashion of the society.

以彼此真诚相待、互相尊重、信守承诺为内在规约的诚信意识淡漠扭曲；诚信观念则背离了正直老实、互信合作与公平负责的内在本性，丧失了其内化为&知而信&，外化为&言而行&的功效，变得模糊混沌，从而导致民众的诚信心理普遍发生错位，异化为自危的怀疑心理、群体的从众心理与双重人格心理，使人们放弃了对诚信的期求，从心理上和行为上阔别诚信，形成诚信冷漠情结，整个社会的诚信变得易碎和脆弱，空洞的说教、虚假的论证和公然的谎言成为了社会时尚。

Because traditional finance subject utmostly canonize the rational selected mode and methodology which keep the form of the financial interest need of the enterprise and its stockholders and the network of their financial relationship out of its analytic area, so liking the mainstream economics, traditional finance subject can not offer trustworthy explains to many financial affairs and can not prescribe the right policy prescription to the important financial problems, either. As a result of the logistic and realistic errors in the traditional mode, it will have an important and practical meaning to bring the new system principle into the analytic area of the financial subject and to develop the financial theory. The main points of this dissertation are as follows: The financial affairs of an enterprise are not the inner actions of the individual firm, but the function of the financial network of stockholders, so we should use the limit of the affairs not the inner property or inner driving force to interpret the financial affairs of an enterprise, we should use the method of circuital analysis not of individual analysis to investigate the financial affairs of an enterprise; The financial affairs of an enterprise is a social behavior, it is involved in the social structure and is restricted by the social structure, so we should care for the social characters, social responsibilities and social effects of the financial affairs of an enterprise; The financial network of stockholders is composed of five phases as follows: the finance of external stockholders, the finance of the operator, the finance of function, the finance of subsection and the finance of the stuff, in which the finance of the operator is dominant; The operational intensity and efficiency of the financial network of stockholders are influenced by technical factor as well as institutional factor, in which institutional factor is the fundamental character of financial affairs. Ultimately the substance of the financial affairs is the arrangement and operation for the financial system by stockholders; The relationship between enterprise and its stockholders is cooperative and conflicting. The important mechanism to solve the financial conflict between stockholders is the construction of the financial system, including the formal and informal system construction. Information and faith are the important mechanism to coordinate the financial conflict between stockholders, so we should pay much attention to the research of formal and informal system.

本文的主要观点是：企业财务行为不是企业个体内部的行为，而是利益相关者财务网络行为，因此应当用对行为的结构限制而不是企业个体的内在属性或内在驱力来解释企业的财务行为，用网络分析的方法而不是个体分析的方法研究企业财务行为；企业财务行为是一种社会行为，它嵌入于社会结构之中，受企业财务所处的社会结构的限定，因此应当关注企业财务行为的社会性质、社会责任和社会后果；利益相关者财务网络内含外部利益相关者财务、经营者财务、职能财务、分部财务和员工财务五个层次，其中经营者财务在其中占据主导地位；利益相关者财务网络的运作强度与运作效率既受技术性因素的影响，又受制度性因素的影响，其中制度性是财务的根本属性，企业财务的实质说到底还是面向利益相关者的一种财务制度性的安排与运作；企业与利益相关者之间以及利益相关者相互之间的财务关系具有合作性与冲突性，化解利益相关者财务冲突的重要机制是财务性的制度建设，包括正式制度建设与非正式制度建设，信息和信任是协调利益相关者财务冲突的重要机制，因此应当高度关注财务的正式和非正式制度的研究。

This part discusses in depth the social bases for the changes in the interest relations of social strata in China by means of Marxist theory on citizen society. It inspects the changes of social strata differentiation and interest relations by putting them in the historical background of social transformation, social structure differentiation and prevalence of citizen society in China. Thus, it increases the theoretical depth and realistic massiveness. 2. The differentiation of social strata in China in the new era and its impact.

运用马克思市民社会理论，深入探讨我国社会阶层利益关系变化的社会基础，把阶层分化和利益关系的变化放在整个中国社会转型、社会结构分化和市民社会兴起的历史大背景中去考察，从而增加了本课题研究的理论深度和现实厚重感。2、新时期我国社会的阶层分化及其影响。

In theory, for social justice is important to individuals and society, the study of it can help cope with the social basic system construction, coordinate the relationship between social development and individual freedom; standardize the social system, purpose, principle and behavior of social domination; it can help balance dominating order, individual freedom and the indignity; it can help reflect and animadvert the individual ancl social relationship; it also can help reconstruct it under the basis of reality.

从理论上看，社会正义是关系个人与社会关系的重大问题，研究社会正义有利于正确处理社会基本制度的建构与国家社会发展目标及个人的自由与发展等目标的协调，有利于对社会制度、社会统治的目的、原则及其行为等进行规范，有利于在维护国家的统治秩序和个体的自由与尊严之间达成某种平衡，有利于对个人与社会关系进行理性反思与批判，有利于在现实基础上对社会正义进行重新建构。

Currently it still exists many problems in Social Security System, such as incomplete legal institutions of social security, incapacious scope of security coverage, insufficient social security funds, disordered department functions and third sector's laggard development in social security system even though we have achieved obvious fruits in the reform of Social Security System, relatively increased the scale and level of social security too.

虽然我国社会保障体制改革取得了有目共睹的成绩，社会保障规模和水平也相对提高，然而我国的社会保障体制还存在着社会保障法律制度不完善；保障覆盖面狭小；社会保障资金不充足；部门职能混乱和社会保障第三部门发展缓慢等问题。

Muckraking was a massive social movement occurring in the beginning of the 20th century when America had just realized industrialization. Between 1902 and about 1915, the Muckrakers, writers/journalists who devoted themselves to social reform and social justice, using massified media—magazine,intensively and critically exposed various kinds of injustice and corruption resulting from the social transition. And by way of cultivating public opinion, awaking common people and supporting legislation, they restrained social Darwinism, helped avoid possible social disorders and strengthen the results of productive development and established institutions together with the progressive forces in politics, business and the intelligentsia.

作者：展江摘要：黑幕揭发运动是20世纪初美国从农业社会到工业社会的转型刚刚完成之际发生的一场大规模社会运动，其中一批有志于社会改革和社会正义的作家/新闻工作者即&黑幕揭发者&，利用当时已经大众化的传媒——期刊，以深度的解析和犀利的言论抨击了伴随社会转型而来的种种不公和腐败现象，与政界、商界和知识界的其他进步力量一起，通过激活公众舆论、促使民众觉醒和支持立法等方式，抑制了社会达尔文主义思潮，避免了可能出现的社会失序，进而巩固了生产力发展的成果和既有的社会体制。

There is a brief introduction about the development of western just view in Chapter one, among them it is a key about understanding of the social just concept and value judgment, which create the academic background for the just dispute of Rolls and Nozick, promise that will explain next at the same time; Chapter two in this text should explain emphatically, through the two theory frame exposition and comparative analysis, we can draw the conclusion that the essential of the dispute focuses on the value judgment of social justice, that is to say , it is the understanding to right " question ; It is the investigation of social background aboutthe dispute mainly in Chapter three, this shows , the thinking essences of any social justice are all demanded by the reform to the unreasonable social current situations , and this kind of reform often needs implementing to the system or system aspect, therefore the thinking to the theory needs putting in the specific social environment, only through this can we make the accurate judgment ; Begin from chapter four, it is the practical problem that the full text needs solved, namely the unjust problem existing in the transitional country. By probing into the reference meaning of just ideas between Roils and Nozick, and build up foreshadowing for the system of the last chapter; The last chapter, the corresponding solution has be put forward aimed at the origin of the unjust phenomenon that our society make the transition, namely under the background of system innovation, we should structure the scientific management mode, and realize from "good policy " to the basic " good at managing .

第一章简要的介绍了西方正义观的演变过程，其中关于社会正义概念的理解和价值判断是个关键，同时也是为接下来要阐述的罗尔斯、诺齐克正义观的争论创设一个理论的背景；第二章是本文要着重阐述的环节，通过对两者理论框架的阐述和比较分析，得出两者争论的根本还是社会正义的价值判断上，也就是对于&权利&问题的理解；第三章的设置主要对两者争论的社会背景的考察，由此可以看出，任何社会正义的思考实质都是对不合理的社会现状的改革诉求，而这种改革往往需要落实到体制或制度层面，因而对于理论的思考也需要放在特定的社会环境中，才能做出准确的判断；从第四章开始，是全文需要解决的实际问题，即针对转型国家在转型中存在的非正义问题，探讨罗尔斯、诺齐克正义理念的借鉴意义，并为最后一章的制度架构做铺垫；全文最后一章，针对我国社会转型中的非正义现象的产生根源，提出了相应的解决办法，亦即在制度创新的背景下，构建科学管理模式，实现从&善政&到&善治&的根本转变。

By means of the comparative analysis in the light of historical changes between China and the foreign ones, the author considers that their similar aspects are that the supply of the relative institutions both reflects the demand regulating the relative redistributive economic relations intervened by state appropriately, both reflects a kind of legal adjustments for the relative redistributive economic relations; the relative legal institutions are paid more attentions to generally in all countries; the succored objects are all distinguished into common ones and special ones generally; citizens receiving social assistance experience the changes from bounty to right generally; social assistance undergoes the development style from negative one to positive one and the changes from free burdens wholely to burdens of some duties;the functions of nongovernmental strength in social assistance are paid more attentions to generally.Their different aspects are that the patten option of distinguished institutions for the urban and rural areas is different;the special emphasis on the contents of social assistance is some different;the level of legislation for social assistance is different;the purpose and the guiding ideology of the design for the social assistance legal institutions are different.

通过对中外社会救助法律制度历史变迁视角的比较分析，认为二者的相近之处表现为社会救助法律制度的供给都体现出规制国家适度干预相关再分配经济关系的需求，都体现为对相关再分配经济关系的一种法律调整，在各国受到普遍重视，其救助对象都区分为一般对象和特殊对象，民众接受社会救助普遍经历了由恩惠到权利的变迁，社会救助普遍经历了由消极被动到积极主动模式的发展，由完全无偿向一定义务负担的转变，民间力量在社会救助中的作用普遍得到重视；差异之处表现为城乡分制模式选择不同，社会救助内容侧重点有所不同，社会救助的法治化程度不同，社会救助法律制度设计的目的存在区别，社会救助法律制度设计的指导思想不同。

The purpose of this research is to discuss the decision of negotiation types and processes. The conponents of the decision-making of each transaction include "the counterpart" and "the deal". The Potential Value of Social Transaction and The Potential Value of Economic Transaction can distinguish between the "quasi-economic man" and the "quasi-social man", two different types of psychological construction. This research makes a point of dyad according to a quasi-economic man and a quasi-social man which can distinguish among three different dyadic decisions of negotiation types:the dyadic decision of negotiation type between a quasi-economic man and a quasi-economic man, the dyadic decision of negotiation type between a quasi-social man and a quasi-social man, and the dyadic decision of negotiation type between a quasi-economic man and a quasi-social man.

摘要 本研究旨在探讨谈判决策类型与过程之研究，交易双方在谈判时不只会考虑交易事物「事」，也会考虑交易对象「人」，本研究以社会交易潜在价值和经济交易潜在价值所表现出的交易权衡模式，把个人区分为准经济人与准社会人两种不同类型的人，本研究旨在分析谈判双方如何讨价还价达成交易的过程，特别重视二位体的观念，根据准经济人决策权衡模式与准社会人决策权衡模式的组合区分出准经济人与准经济人的二位体谈判决策类型（A-1类型）；准社会人与准社会人的二位体谈判决策类型（A-2类型）；准经济人与准社会人二位体谈判决策类型等三种不同的类型。

In sum, the integrated approach adopted for the study of the identity construction of the laid-off women workers points to the trend of the "linguistic turn" in the social sciences, taking social analyses of language and interaction as indispensable to social inquiry on the one hand, and the "social turn" in the linguistic analysis of the social change cross-fertilized by the findings of social theories on the other hand.

从这个意义上来说，对其身份多重性的社会语言学研究有助于揭示影响其身份构建的社会因素以及个人的能动性，有助于理解语篇在下岗女工身份构建过程中的作用和语篇与社会变革之间动态的相互作用关系。

Nowadays, most of research are to build a transmutative Petri Nets through adding controlling place sets, controlling arc sets and controlling policy to the basic Petri Nets, while the Controlled Petri Nets could be used to argue many controlling theory problems conveniently and to induce many logically and physically supervisory and solve the Event Feedback Controlling Problems and State Feedback Controlling Problem in DEDS supervisory theory.

目前大多数的研究表现为在变形后的受控Petri网基础上，利用各种方法求得各种逻辑型、结构型控制器，解决DEDS监控理论中的事件反馈控制问题与状态反馈控制问题。

On one hand, there are discussions with the works council and union about extension of short time working up to the end of September.

一方面，有讨论，工程理事会和联盟关于延长工作时间短至9月底。