查询词典 social sciences

Modern social security system is imperatively enforced by state.Viewing thepractice of social security in each country,we can conclude that it can't depart fromlegality,that is,each country legalizes its policy and measure of social securitythrough legislation and accordingly carries them into execution nationwide from topto bottom.So legalization is the only road to the enforcement of social securitysystem.

现代社会保障制度是由国家强制实施的，从各国社会保障的实践看，社会保障制度离不开法制，也就是说，各国都是通过立法将社会保障的各项政策和措施法制化，才使它在全国范围内自上而下才使它在全国范围内自上而下地实施，因此，法制化是社会保障制度实施的必由之路。

As for a policy arranging, the social security can not be replaced in order to safeguard the whole society development harmonious. In 2004, The National Peoples Congress amended constitution and increased the provision overbuilding up the sound social security system, putting forward" The country establishes and perfects the social security system adaptable to economic development "definite. It put forward the higher requirement for the choice of the models of Chinese social security system.

社会保障制度的建设与发展，正是维护整个社会全面发展、协调发展的不可替代的制度安排。2004年全国人大修改宪法，增加了建立健全社会保障制度的规定，明确提出&国家建立健全同经济发展水平相适应的社会保障制度&，这为中国社会保障制度模式的选择提出了更高的要求。

Thus it analyzes the economic effect of social security tax from the macroscopic and microcosmic point,aiming to be helpful to design our rational social security system. social security ; social security tax ; economic effect

因此，开征社会保障税的呼声越来越高，但要设计出既体现公平性又兼顾效率性的社会保障税，则有必要对其特点及其经济效应进行充分的认识。2社会保障税的特点社会保障税的特点，主要体现在对收

social development and social civilization have an inevitable connection in nature.viewed from the angle or inherent unification of social system structure,civilized structure of society and society appraisal,civilized social sustainable development implys and requires:to build material civilization through handling properly the relationship between man and material,to build spiritual civilization through dealing rightly with the relationship among people,to build institutional civilization by boosting a rational relationship between man and society and to build ecological civilization by seting up sound relationship between man an nature.

摘 要：社会发展观与社会文明观具有必然的本质的联系。从社会系统结构、社会文明结构、社会评价结构内在统一的视觉看，社会可持续发展的文明意蕴和本质要求在于：在物质层面上，正确处理人与物的关系，坚持生产力尺度，建设物质文明；在精神层面上，正确处理人与人的关系，坚持人的发展尺度，建设精神文明；在制度层面上，正确处理人与社会的关系，坚持制度尺度，建设制度文明；在生态层面上，正确处理人与自然的关系，坚持环境尺度，建设生态文明。

After its reform, especially the system reform, China had made great changes in social structure and social mobility. Since then, higher education became a preferential element in social mobility, college students once took the place of 1950s armymen, of 1960s workers and 1970s carders as the first choice of people in social mobility.

改革开放以来，体制改革引发了中国大规模的社会阶层结构变动和社会流动，高等教育一度成为社会流动的优先因素，大学生向上的社会流动一度取代了50年代的军人、60年代的工人和70年代的干部。

Through analysis, the thesis thinks that the economical nature of environment goods cannot be generalized by public goods or private goods, its nature has been changing between the two extremes. The environment goods is on one hand reflected in some legal arrangement in international environment statute, where the focus is the whole humankind, for example,"common heritage"; on the other hand, it is also reflected in the rules that protecting private rights in civil legal system, where the focus is the individual, for example,"the right of environment personality ". The essential part of environment justice is the social distribution of environment benefits and burdens, so the thesis centers on the social peculiarities of environment goods as social burdens and as social benefits. In detail, environment benefits are related both to property and to personality, and they are also un-produced, non-substitutive and prima goods as living resources; environment burdens are composed of LULUs and many uncertain and irreversible environment risks.

通过分析，本文认为环境物品的经济性质不能单纯地用公共物品或私人物品进行概括，其性质在此两极之间会发生变动；而法律构造中的环境物品一方面体现在国际环境法中的主要以&类&为主体的各种制度安排中，例如&人类共同遗产&，另一方面则体现在民法体系中以&个人&为主体的各种私权保护的规则中，如环境人格权等；接下来，鉴于环境正义的核心是环境利益与负担的社会分配，所以本文重点探讨了作为一种利益和作为一种负担存在的环境物品的各种独特的社会属性，具体而言，环境利益具有财产属性、人格属性、非制造性、不可替代性以及作为生存资源的前提性；而环境负担则具体包括&不可欲的局域性土地利用方式&和具有科学不确定性和不可逆性的环境风险。

Instructional Technology is not only a technological or educational problem, but also a societal, one Instructional Technology has deep sociological meaning on macroscopical social change and social control, on mesosphere social stratification and educational equality, on microcosmic social interaction and human socialization.

教育技术并非仅仅是&技术&问题、&教育&问题，也是一个&社会&问题；教育技术在宏观层面的社会变迁、社会控制，中观层面的社会分层、教育机会均等，微观层面的社会互动、人的社会化等问题上，都有深刻的社会学意涵。

Noted by www.SSEweb.net 】 Yon CHUNG (1964-), Male; Member, Experts Group on Social System Engineering; Chief Expert on Social System Engineering, Realizer Beijing Institute of Social System Engineering; Research Fellow, Research Center of Intellectual Property, China University of Politics and Law; Attorney at law, Attorney at law, Realizer Beijing Law Firm; Director, The International Research Project on "Systems Thinking of Chinese Leadership"; Former Director, Center of Legal System Engineering, Central Leadership Institute of Politics and Law, and Former Superintendent, Comprehensive Teaching Department of Social System Engineering School, China University of Politics and Law. He has been exploring the Legal System Engineering, Somatic Science, etc. under the support and instruction of H.S.TSIEN (the progenitor of Engineering Cybernetics and Chinese rocketry, missilery, spaceflight and System Engineering) from early 1980s.

常远(1964-)，男，社会系统工程专家组成员，北京实现者社会系统工程研究院首席社会系统工程专家，中国政法大学知识产权研究中心研究员，北京实现者律师事务所律师，&中国领导层系统思维&国际研究计划(The International Research Project for Systems Thinking of Chinese Leadership)主持人。20世纪80年代初开始在钱学森(工程控制论奠基者，中国火箭、导弹、航天、系统工程之父)支持和指导下从事法治系统工程和人体科学等领域探索；曾任国家教育委员会北京教授讲学团法治系统工程研究所所长、中央政法管理干部学院法治系统工程中心主任、中国政法大学社会工程学院综合教学部负责人；1993被联合国区域间犯罪与司法研究院列入专家名册，1996年被授予&司法部优秀青年&称号。

It has many social ructions, is the paste of social organizations, the bisis of social assmble power, and the motive power of social system.

它具有多层面的社会功能，是社会组织的粘合剂、社会凝聚力的基础及社会系统的动力。

The social civilization refers to the civilization evolution condition which takes the society as the essence; Viewed from the embryology vision-fields, the social civilization derives from the historical soil of political country, which is the pulling-out from political country; Viewed from the fact-judgment vision-fields, the social civilization realizes the inter-containing between civil society and political country, which is the reorganization to the political country; Viewed from the value-judgment vision-fields, the practice essence of social civilization with the politics vision-fields is to realize the person's full scale development and sustainable development.

社会文明指的是以社会为本位的文明进化状态；从发生学的角度来考察，社会文明形成于政治国家的历史土壤，是对政治国家的抽离与解构；从事实判断的角度来分析，社会文明在新的基础上实现了市民社会与政治国家的涵化，是对政治国家的重组与再造；从价值判断的角度来审视，政治学语境中社会文明的实践本质在于实现人的全面发展与可持续发展。

Nowadays, most of research are to build a transmutative Petri Nets through adding controlling place sets, controlling arc sets and controlling policy to the basic Petri Nets, while the Controlled Petri Nets could be used to argue many controlling theory problems conveniently and to induce many logically and physically supervisory and solve the Event Feedback Controlling Problems and State Feedback Controlling Problem in DEDS supervisory theory.

目前大多数的研究表现为在变形后的受控Petri网基础上，利用各种方法求得各种逻辑型、结构型控制器，解决DEDS监控理论中的事件反馈控制问题与状态反馈控制问题。

On one hand, there are discussions with the works council and union about extension of short time working up to the end of September.

一方面，有讨论，工程理事会和联盟关于延长工作时间短至9月底。