查询词典 social practice

As part of the study of social administration of Nanjing in the Republic of China, the thesis consists of 7 chapters: Chapter one explains the basic concepts of social administration and the development of modernization of Nanjing before 1927. It stresses the importance of social administration in city development through the depiction of social characteristics and problems of Nanjing. Chapter 2 introduced the theory of social administration of the Republic of China, under which the municipal institutions are structured. It focuses on the social theory of Sun Yat-sen and correlative comments of Jiang Kai-shi, which reflect the theoretic level and subjective intention of social reform of the Republic of China. Chapter 3 discusses the local autonomy of Nanjing of the Republic of China. The origin of democratic local autonomy theory and its influence over social administration are expatriated. The advantages and disadvantages of local autonomy are analyzed in detail. Chapter 4 focuses its discussion upon social rescue work, an important part of social administration, with general description of social rescue work in Nanjing and concludes the characteristics of social rescue work in the transition from the traditional to the modern society. Focusing on the prominent problem of the large flows and inflation of population of Nanjing, chapter 5 discusses the population and population management of Nanjing and outlines the population situation through analysis of the population problem, management methods and the current situation. Chapter 6 describes the unprecedentedly active citizen organizations and parties. The transform and changes of these organizations occurring under the new circumstances and their functions in social administration are analyzed to reveal the interactive function between government and social organizations in social administration. Chapter 7, the epilogue, makes theoretic evaluation of the characteristics of social administration and its revelation to the current society of Nanjing, hoping this research serves as a reference to the current time.

本文是民国南京社会管理研究的一个部分，由七个章节组成：第一章介绍了社会管理的基本概念和1927年以前南京社会近代化的变迁过程，通过对南京社会特点和社会问题的描述，阐明了社会管理在城市发展中的重要作用；第二章介绍了民国社会管理思想的基本内容和在此指导下的南京市政府有关机构的设置，着重阐述了孙中山的社会管理思想和蒋介石的有关论述，反映了国民政府的社会管理的认识水平及其实行社会改造的主观意图；第三章专题讨论了民国南京地方自治，对具有近代民主意义的地方自治思想的由来及其社会管理意义进行了阐述，具体分析了南京推行地方自治的利弊得失；第四章将社会救济事业作为社会管理的一项重要内容进行了讨论，描述了南京社会救济事业的基本概况并对从传统向近代过渡社会救济事业的若干特点进行了总结；第五章针对南京城市人口的大量流动和急剧膨胀这一突出的社会问题，集中讨论了南京的人口与人口管理，通过对南京人口问题、管理手段以及人口状况的分析，展示了南京人口构成的基本面貌；第六章描述了南京空前活跃的市民组织和社会团体，着意反映这些社会组织在新的条件下的转型和变化，分析其在社会管理中所发挥的作用，企望由此揭示政府与社会组织在社会管理中的互动作用；第七章为结语，对南京社会管理的特点及其对现实的启示进行了理论评价，力求本研究更能具有现实借鉴意义。

The social level structure is defined from its basic conception, in-depth meaning and characteristics. The term refers to a functional being and social reality, a unity of physical space and value space as well as connectional and theoretical existence. Viewed from the perspective of political philosophy, the social level structure is a political sovereignty grading or ladder in a state who values the supremacy of sovereignty, penetrating into economic, cultural and social fields, universally forming social relationship. Based on general social structure, social system and political sovereignty, the social level structure is an abstractly summary of social hierarchy which is neither a copy of political structure nor simply addition of economic, cultural and social structure. The social level structure is long hidden but universally existing, deeply affecting and shaping social system, people's life and thinking. Based on the above, the thesis probes the social foundation, evolutional law, fundamental quality, running mechanism, historical function, current significant and the reform necessity.

从社会层级结构概念的基本规定、深层意蕴和性状表现三个方面界定社会层级结构概念，认为社会层级结构既是一种实体性存在和社会现实，也是一种观念性存在和理论构造，是物理空间和意义空间的统一；从政治哲学视野，社会层级结构是在政治国家内部按照权力至上的方式形成的权力级别或权力阶梯，并渗透到经济、文化、社会领域，形成具有普遍性的社会关系体系；它以总体社会结构为依托，以社会制度为外化，以政治权力为中轴；它既不是政治结构的翻版，不是社会阶层结构的别名，也不是经济、文化、社会结构的简单叠加，而是对它们层级性的一种抽象和概括；这种结构长期隐而不显，但却无处不在、无时不有，深深地影响和牢牢地控制着社会制度、人的生活和人的思维方式。

Results The source of the greatest subjective pressure of the HIV infected mostly came from the problem of economy. In regard to the total scores of social health, coping style and social support, statistical significant differences were found between the infected group and the control group and between the family-member group and the control group. The scores of social resources, social contact and social support of the HIV infected were positively associated with that of the use of social support. The scores of social role's activity and social adaptation of the HIV infected were positively associated with that of positive coping style. The scores of social role's activity, social adaptation, social resources and social contact of the infector's family-members were positively associated with that of family-member's subjective. support.

结果 1HIV感染者及其家属的主观最大压力来源大都是经济问题。2在社会健康各维度、应对方式以及支持总分上，感染组、家属组与对照组之间的差异均有统计学意义。3HIV感染者的支持利用度的得分与社会资源和社会接触的得分、社会支持的得分正相关，积极应对的得分与角色活动、社会适应的得分正相关。4HIV感染者家属的主观支持的得分与角色活动和社会适应的得分、社会资源和社会接触的得分正相关，文化程度与社会支持的得分正相关。

The integrative ability, organizing ability, communicative ability of trainings was deficiency. Fourthly, the power of social physical educators in Guangxi universities was so weak that it couldn't satisfy the need of specialty development. For example, the number of special teacher and the practicing ability of teachers are deficiency. The teachers that master special theoretic well and have practicing experience are deficiency especially. Fifthly, social physical practice base have not been building in Guangxi universities. And the necessary equipments of gymnasium are deficiency at the same time. Sixthly, the whole sports technology levels of new social physical students are low and hard to fit for social needing. Seventhly, the professional ideology of students is not stable enough. For example, the special concept and cognition of students are dim. The attitude for learning is not right. The most of students want to or have trend to change their profession after graduating. Eighthly, the ability of students fostered by social physical education in various Guangxi universities has a gap with the ability that students should hold for adapting the need of Guangxi employer. The special technical levels of social physical students are weak. Ninthly, in investigation of social physical personnel being demanded by Guangxi area employers, we found that few social physical personnels were demanded by business unit, the state-operated factory and mining enterprise because of being influenced by economical environment. And the more social physical personnels were demanded by social physical directors, fitness centers and each kind of sports association and so on.

这主要表现为：不够科学的课程体系，在实践性教学环节中的重视程度不够，对学生的综合能力、组织管理能力、社会交际能力的培养较为欠缺；4、对社会体育专业的发展需求这一点而言，广西各高校该专业的师资力量还略显薄弱，难以满足社会的需求，主要体现在：缺乏足够的专业教师数量、教师实践能力欠强，尤其缺乏既有较高理论素养又有实践经验的教师；5、社会体育专业的实习基地在广西各高校中都尚未建立起来，同时一些必备的体育场馆的设施也较为缺乏；6、由于入学时广西社会体育专业的学生在运动技术、技能整体水平相对较低，因此在一些专业方向的需求上难以达到满足；7、在专业思想这一方面而言，广西各高校社会体育专业的学生显得不够稳定，主要表现为：淡薄的学生专业观念，模糊的专业认识，不够端正的学习态度，甚至有相当一部分学生准备毕业后改行或有改行倾向；8、广西各高校社会体育专业培养学生目前所具备的能力与当前广西用人单位所需求的社会体育专业人才应具备的能力尚有一定差距，主要体现在：目前社会体育专业学生的专业技术水平较低，组织能力和社会交际能力较为欠缺等。9、在广西地区用人单位对社会体育专业人才需求量的调查中发现：大多数的企事业单位和国营厂矿企业因受到经济大环境的影响，基本上都不设置专职的体育管理人员，对社会体育专门人才的需求量较少，需求量较大的还是社区体育指导员、体育健身中心、各种体育协会等。

Through the comparative analysis between the functions of the government"s'role in establishing a social security system in Britain, the US, Germany, Japan and other countries and Chinese government"s absence from their duties in establishing rural social security, we know, under the socialist market economic conditions, the government should bear the basic responsibilities in establishing the rural social security system, just to build a basic framework of the rural social security system adapted to the level of economic development, to establish a rural social security management system, to bear national financial responsibility in establishing the rural social security and promote mufti—dimensionally raising funds, to establish a rural social security monitoring mechanism, to establish a rural social security law system, to create external environment of the rural social security system, and so on.

在英、美、德、日等国构建社会保障制度中政府职能的角色定位与我国农村社会保障政府缺位的比较分析中，我们得出，在社会主义市场经济条件下，构建农村社会保障体系中政府应承担的基本职责，即构建和经济发展水平相适应的农村社会保障制度的基本框架，建立健全农村社会保障管理体制，承担国家对农村社会保障的财政责任并推动多渠道筹集资金，建立健全农村社会保障的监管机制，推动农村社会保障的法律体系建设，创造农村社会保障制度建设的外部环境等等。在当前的条件下，我国政府应着手采取现实可行的具体措施来履行其职能、推进我国农村社会保障体系的建设。

But our country's present social security system actually has the hindrance function to the occupation mobility, the main performances are as follows: Two units social security system, the unequal tax revenue system in the social security, social security singleness in view of the impoverished social class, hardly carried and transferred characteristics of social security system , ignoring benefits protection of mobile staffs, lack of social security legislation , slow development of service system of social security ,lack of policies and measures on promoting regional motilities insocial security system.

但是，我国现行的社会保障制度却对职业流动有着一定的阻碍作用，主要表现为：二元的社会保障体系的存在，社会保障体系的便携性、可转移性较差，忽视流动职工的利益保护，社会保障立法的缺失，社会保障服务体系发展缓慢，社会保障中税收体系的不平等，针对贫困阶层的社会保障单一，社会保障体系缺少促进区域流动的政策与措施等方面。

Reform the goal with development to orient according to the social security system,social security fund is it should is it give consideration to social goal,economic goal,political goal to insist on to raise for,give consideration to the long—term goal and short—term goal, realiz.e combining fairly with efficiency;The social security fund must divide the responsibility border among government,unit,individual to raise rationally,define that govemment and function of the market divide the work;Social security fund is it must pay attention to macroscopical system way choose,is it pay attention to micro technical design and application of field to want too atthe same time to raise for;Social security fund is it should take different raising the way for,raising the way for to different social security project to raise for;Social security fund is it should distinguish regular financial need raising waying,principling of raising the way for etc.different from provisional financial need to raise for.

根据社会保障制度改革与发展的目标定位，社会保障基金筹集应当坚持兼顾社会目标、经济目标和政治目标，兼顾长期目标与短期目标，实现公平与效率相结合；社会保障基金筹集必须合理划分政府和单位、个人之间的责任边界，明确政府与市场的合理职能分工；社会保障基金筹集必须重视宏观制度方式选择，同时也要重视微观领域的技术设计与应用；社会保障基金筹集应针对不同的社会保障项目采取不同筹集方式、筹集途径；社会保障基金筹集应区分经常性资金需要和临时性资金需要采取不同的筹集方式、筹集途径等原则。

The graduates may work in varies social assistance organs, security departments, social institute organizations, social service and welfare organizations, basis government organs and communities as compound and applied professional personnel for social assistance, social security, social policy study, social administration management, communities development and management, social service, accession and operation etc..

Length of schooling： 4 years 社会工作 social work 培养目标：社会工作专业主要培养符合社会发展需要，具有扎实的社会工作理论和知识、通晓现代化专业技术、熟练的社会调查研究技能和较强的社会工作能力，能在各类社会救助、保障部门、社会团体组织、社会福利和服务机构、基层政府组织和社区从事社会救助、社会保障、社会政策研究、社会行政管理、社区发展与管理、社会服务、评估与操作等工作的应用型、复合型高级专业人才。

During the following eight sessions in four weeks the subjects were randomly devided into four groups:(1) physical practice group, repeated physical practice twenty times per session,(2) alternating mental-physical practice group, alternating the techinques of physical and mental practice per session,(3) mental practice group, watching the film and listening to the instruction of badminton backhand lowservice,which was followed by five minutes in which the subjects were directed to practice the serve skills mentally for twenty repetitions per session, and (4) control group, no practice.

所有受试者接受羽球反手发短球之教学及练习后，隨机分派到下列四种不同练习组：22身体练习组：每天次练习羽球反手发短球二十次；4综合练习组：身体练习、心智练习间隔交替练习；3。心智练习组：提供羽球反手发短球击球动作录影带及指导语，受试者在五分钟內意像整个动作过程，共计二十次；6控制组：不练习。

The social consciousness of honesty which ever valued mutual honesty, mutual respect and promise-keeping was distorted, and the concept of social honesty became hazy because it no longer had the efficacy in *** people "know to believe" intrinsically, and "speak to act" extrinsically. So it led to the mental disorder of the social honesty among the common people who suffered from mentality of doubt, group following-like-sheep mentality, and mentality of dual personality. Therefore they abandoned the expectation of social honesty, stayed away from social honesty mentally and behaviorally and had a cold complex towards social honesty in mind. The social honesty in the whole society became fragile as empty sermon, mendacious demonstration and open lies turned into the fashion of the society.

以彼此真诚相待、互相尊重、信守承诺为内在规约的诚信意识淡漠扭曲；诚信观念则背离了正直老实、互信合作与公平负责的内在本性，丧失了其内化为&知而信&，外化为&言而行&的功效，变得模糊混沌，从而导致民众的诚信心理普遍发生错位，异化为自危的怀疑心理、群体的从众心理与双重人格心理，使人们放弃了对诚信的期求，从心理上和行为上阔别诚信，形成诚信冷漠情结，整个社会的诚信变得易碎和脆弱，空洞的说教、虚假的论证和公然的谎言成为了社会时尚。

But this is impossible, as long as it is engaging in a market economy, there are risks in any operation.

但是，这是不可能的，只要是搞市场经济，是有风险的任何行动。

We're on the same wavelength.

我们是同道中人。