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Hui is the main carrier of Islam in the inland of China Historically,It is closely related to the cultural identification of Hui That Islam could take root and burgeon in the inland of China Discussing the problem of the Islam acclimatizing itself to China's Society,from the angle of cultural identification of Hui,may not only clearly know the amalgamation between Islamic Culture and Chinese Culture,and grope a development mode of the Islam in contemporary China society,but also promote the flourish and t...

伊斯兰教在中国内地以回族为主要载体。历史上伊斯兰教所以能够在中国内地扎根发展，与回族文化认同密切相关。从回族文化认同角度探讨伊斯兰教与中国社会相适应问题，不仅可以对伊斯兰文化与中国文化的交汇融合有较清楚的了解，而且可以从现实出发，摸索伊斯兰教在当代中国的发展模式，并进而探求回族社会的进一步繁荣与发展。

To discover the originality and national characteristics of ancient China Library Science, and to find the inheritance relationship between modern Library Science and ancient China Library Science, this paper demonstrates the identity of ancient China Documentation and ancient China Library Science and study the their knowledge theory orientation by adducing evidences.

为发掘中国古代图书馆学的原创性与民族特色，疏通中国古代图书馆学与现代图书馆学的因承关系，本文从文献学路径出发，论证了文献学与中国古代图书馆学的同一性，并运用文献举证与&知识考古&的方法，全面考察了中国古代图书馆学的知识论取向。

Opposed and intervened by Russia and other great power, squab Japan had to put down its aggressing plan, and took an more ulterior mode, which could infiltrate its force to China. So Japan camouflaged to help rebuilding and save China, and this is why the theories of Rebuilding China and saving China were so popular.

日本在甲午战争中暴露了侵略中国的野心，受到俄国等强国的反对和干涉，羽翼未丰的日本不得不暂时放下&征亚&的计划，采取一种更隐晦的方式，以既可以避开其它国家的反对，又可以将自己的势力慢慢渗透到中国，等日后强大了，实现独霸中国的目标。

According to the energy conservation theory, BOM and CSIM4 were coupled. The BOM has no treatment on transmission solar radiation, which is of great importance when the model is adapted to Arctic Ocean. So the treatment was introduced to BOM. Through numerical test on different lead albedos, it was found that sea ice thickness is not so sensitive to lead albedo, which may be contribute to the lead occupies little ratio within multiyear sea ice pack. The reason of summer over-melt of arctic sea ice is the NCEP reanalysis downward solar radiation being larger than its reality. Then the arctic sea ice climate variability was simulated. Results showed that: simulated ice thickness change is in accord with the submarine investigated mean sea-ice draft changes. Simulated annually maximum ice thickness along the Eurasian continental oceans are closely related to the observed ones. The long-term mean simulated ice motion has the same features of the SSM/I derived ice motion. Sea ice extents in differential sub-regions have same trends comparing to the satellite passive-microwave data derived ones. Simulated ice concentration is closely related to the observed in the Arctic sub-regions. Sea ice flux through the Fram Strait involves ice concentration, motion and thickness. It is a composite criterion for sea ice model evaluation. The simulated ice area and volume export through the strait accord with the satellite derived or statistically reconstructed ones.(5) The simulated ice thickness climate variability and mean sea surface current of the coupled model were analyzed, results showed: the total ice volume in the Arctic Ocean has a significant decreasing trend. The volume variability is of a 10-year timescale oscillation, with two major periods of 12-13a and 18-20a. Mean ice thickness in the arctic sub-seas has different tendencies. It has an increasing trend in the Barents-Kara Sea and Baffin Bay-Labrador Sea, and decreasing in the others. The characteristic time scale of 7-10a wherein the river discharges leads the Fram Strait ice volume export is about the period that river water takes to be conveyed across the Arctic Ocean.(6) Using the simulated ice distribution in the Arctic Ocean and China precipitation, air temperature and SST in tropical key regions, the climate teleconnection were studied. Result showed: When the mean sea ice thickness is large in the central Arctic Ocean and Chukchi-Beaufort Sea , and small in the Barents-Kara Sea and Baffin Bay-Labrador Sea , the precipitation in South China, Tibetan Plateau, and the north part of Northeastern China are always smaller than normal, and v. v. When the mean ice thickness is small in CA, BC, East Siberian Sea and Greenland-Iceland-Norwegian Sea , and large in BL, The air temperature in north-eastern China, the southern of Tibetan Plateau, and Hainan Island, are always lower than normal, and v. v. In addition, when the sea ice is thick in BC and BL, the SST is larger in the middle and eastern Pacific Ocean, and is smaller in the tropical Southeastern Indian Ocean.

由于BOM没有考虑透射太阳辐射的物理过程，研究表明透射太阳辐射对北冰洋的能量收支起到重要作用，因此在BOM模式中引入了对透射太阳辐射的处理；通过对不同水道反照率的数值试验表明海冰厚度对水道反照率的敏感性不强，可能与海冰区水道面积占的比率很小有关；而模式模拟的北极海冰夏季&过度融化&主要源于NCEP再分析资料提供了偏大的太阳短波辐射；对北极海冰的气候变率进行了模拟研究，结果表明：模拟的海冰厚度变化与潜艇探测的海冰吃深度变化具有一致性；模拟和观测的亚欧大陆沿海的年内最大海冰厚度有很好的相关；模拟的海冰移速与长期平均的卫星反演的海冰移速具有相同的速度分布特征；模拟的各个海区海冰面积的变化趋势与卫星反演资料分析的结果基本一致；模拟与观测的主要海洋分区的海冰密集度具有很好的相关：弗瑞姆海峡的海冰体积和面积的输送涉及到海冰密集度、厚度和移动速度，是判断模式模拟能力的一个综合的指标，模式模拟的结果与卫星反演或重建的面积输送、体积输送具有很好的一致性；(5)分析了模拟的北极海冰厚度的气候变率及气候平均表层海流场，结果表明：北极海冰的总体积有显著减少的趋势，北极海冰总体积的变化具有10a际尺度振荡的特点，存在18-20a和12-13a两个主周期；北极海冰的平均厚度在各个海区的变化趋势不同，在巴伦支—喀拉海和巴芬湾—拉布拉多海地区海冰厚度有显著的增加趋势，而其它海区存在减少的趋势；通过对模拟的气候平均表层海流的分析表明，北极河流流量超前弗瑞姆海峡海冰流量7-10年的特征时间尺度与表层海流的气候分布存在着必然联系：(6)利用模拟结果以及中国降水、气温和热带关键区SST资料，讨论了北极各海区海冰平均厚度与中国降水、气温以及热带关键区SST的关系，结果表明：在北极中心海区和楚科奇—波弗特海海冰厚度偏大，在巴伦支—喀拉海以及巴芬湾—拉布拉多海海冰厚度偏小，则中国降水在华南地区、青藏高原和东北北部降水偏少，反之相反；在北极中心海区、东西伯利亚海、楚科奇—波弗特海以及格陵兰海海冰厚度偏小，在巴芬湾—拉布拉多海海冰厚度偏大，则在中国东北地区、高原南部地区和海南岛附近气温偏低，反之相反；另外，北极楚科奇—波弗特海和巴芬湾—拉布拉多海海冰厚度偏大时，在热带中东太平洋海温偏高，而在热带东南印度洋海温偏低。

This kind of study is of great importance both in theory and in practice. The objective of this thesis is to analyze the immediate problems of the monetary policy in China which are found in its subject, utility goals, intermediate targets, means of implementation and conducting mode. This study is carried out by drawing lessons from western monetary policy theory and by making comparisons on a historical and international basis. In this thesis, the problems are analyzed by citing theories as well as listing examples so as to make the analysis logical. With the help of the analysis and by considering the actual situation of the economy in China, the author also gives some suggestions on how to scientifically formulating and effectively implementing the monetary policy in China after a careful anatomizing of China's monetary policy.

因此，本文的研究主题就是在全面借鉴国外货币政策理论的基础上，贯彻理论研究与实践分析、逻辑推理与历史演绎、横向比较与纵向比较、理论继承与观点创新相统一的研究原则和写作方法，重点结合改革开放20多年来中国货币政策的实践，系统、深入地分析我国货币政策在主体、最终目标、中介目标、操作工具和传导机制方面存在的突出问题，在此基础上，结合我国经济发展的现状和要求，对我国货币政策理论体系进行层次梳理和系统重构，并对提高我国货币政策制定的科学性和实施的有效性提出政策建议。

China's railway is developing along with the society's development, from coal as the driven power to electricity, from ballasted track to Non-ballasted track, from low-speed to high-speed , China's railway has undergone earth-shaking changes, and now the construction of high-speed railway leads to the takeoff of China's economic and social , Although high-speed railway in China start late , but have a high starting point, and developed very quickly, through introducing foreign core technology, digestion, absorption and re-innovation ,we owned the ability to build the high-speed railway, and ushered into a new era of high-speed railway construction.

我国的铁路随着社会的发展而发展，从以煤为动力到以电力直接带动，从有砟到无砟，从低速到高速，我国的铁路发生了翻天覆地的变化，而如今高速铁路的建设正在引领我国经济社会的腾飞，我国高速铁路虽起步晚，但起点高、发展快，通过引进国外核心技术、消化吸收再创新，初步具备了建设高速铁路的能力，迎来了我国高速铁路建设新时代。

It is reported that this is the 11th summer fishing ban imposedy by China in the South China Sea. Experts say that in the past,Vietnam did not voice opposition to China's operation of fishing ban. Its highlighted opposition is associated with the complication of recent deputes on the South China sea.

据了解，这已经是中国第11次实行南海伏季休渔，有专家表示越南过去从未对中国休渔提出过异议，这次高调反对中国休渔与近期的南海问题复杂化有关。

So, JiangZe-min as a deputizing for the Communist Party of China Third Leading Group is exploring how to build socialist democratic and political construction of characteristics of the China and according with the condition of China on base of the Communist Party of China Second Leading Group.

因此，以江泽民为代表的中共第三代领导集体在中共第二代领导集体进行民主政治建设的基础上，更进一步地探索如何建设有中国特色的符合中国具体国情的社会主义民主政治，提出了&依法治国&的基本思路和基本国策，并提出了用&三个代表&重要思想为指导来加强党内的民主建设，具体地制定和实施了许多加强和改进民主政治建设的措施，从而把有中国特色的社会主义民主政治建设事业推上了新的阶段。

As part of the study of social administration of Nanjing in the Republic of China, the thesis consists of 7 chapters: Chapter one explains the basic concepts of social administration and the development of modernization of Nanjing before 1927. It stresses the importance of social administration in city development through the depiction of social characteristics and problems of Nanjing. Chapter 2 introduced the theory of social administration of the Republic of China, under which the municipal institutions are structured. It focuses on the social theory of Sun Yat-sen and correlative comments of Jiang Kai-shi, which reflect the theoretic level and subjective intention of social reform of the Republic of China. Chapter 3 discusses the local autonomy of Nanjing of the Republic of China. The origin of democratic local autonomy theory and its influence over social administration are expatriated. The advantages and disadvantages of local autonomy are analyzed in detail. Chapter 4 focuses its discussion upon social rescue work, an important part of social administration, with general description of social rescue work in Nanjing and concludes the characteristics of social rescue work in the transition from the traditional to the modern society. Focusing on the prominent problem of the large flows and inflation of population of Nanjing, chapter 5 discusses the population and population management of Nanjing and outlines the population situation through analysis of the population problem, management methods and the current situation. Chapter 6 describes the unprecedentedly active citizen organizations and parties. The transform and changes of these organizations occurring under the new circumstances and their functions in social administration are analyzed to reveal the interactive function between government and social organizations in social administration. Chapter 7, the epilogue, makes theoretic evaluation of the characteristics of social administration and its revelation to the current society of Nanjing, hoping this research serves as a reference to the current time.

本文是民国南京社会管理研究的一个部分，由七个章节组成：第一章介绍了社会管理的基本概念和1927年以前南京社会近代化的变迁过程，通过对南京社会特点和社会问题的描述，阐明了社会管理在城市发展中的重要作用；第二章介绍了民国社会管理思想的基本内容和在此指导下的南京市政府有关机构的设置，着重阐述了孙中山的社会管理思想和蒋介石的有关论述，反映了国民政府的社会管理的认识水平及其实行社会改造的主观意图；第三章专题讨论了民国南京地方自治，对具有近代民主意义的地方自治思想的由来及其社会管理意义进行了阐述，具体分析了南京推行地方自治的利弊得失；第四章将社会救济事业作为社会管理的一项重要内容进行了讨论，描述了南京社会救济事业的基本概况并对从传统向近代过渡社会救济事业的若干特点进行了总结；第五章针对南京城市人口的大量流动和急剧膨胀这一突出的社会问题，集中讨论了南京的人口与人口管理，通过对南京人口问题、管理手段以及人口状况的分析，展示了南京人口构成的基本面貌；第六章描述了南京空前活跃的市民组织和社会团体，着意反映这些社会组织在新的条件下的转型和变化，分析其在社会管理中所发挥的作用，企望由此揭示政府与社会组织在社会管理中的互动作用；第七章为结语，对南京社会管理的特点及其对现实的启示进行了理论评价，力求本研究更能具有现实借鉴意义。

The US was the biggest threat which China developed, the Korean War which, the Vietnam War the US started causes our country has suffered the heavy loss in the manpower and the financial resource aspect; The US supports Chiang Kai-Shek counter-attacks the mainland motion to cause our country coast not to be peaceful for a long time; Present's US still in did everything possible to suppress China, like did not acknowledge that China market economy status, gesticulates, force Renminbi revaluation in the Taiwan problem and so on, zai weilai di regan nian zhong, the US will still be China's enemies, is the forever trouble maker We believed that in the Chinese nation great rejuvenation's journey, will certainly to appear for one another magnificent 30 years!

美国是最大的威胁，中国的发展，在朝鲜战争期间，越南战争美国开始引起我们的国家遭受的损失惨重的人力和财力方面。美国支持的蒋介石的十指关打入大陆运动使我国沿海不是和平很长时间了，现在我们仍在尽一切可能来抑制中国，像不承认中国的市场经济地位，迫使人民币升值的台湾问题等，在未来的几年里甘年，美国仍将是中国的敌人，是永远的麻烦制造者我们相信，在中华民族伟大复兴的旅程，肯定会出现的另一个宏伟的30年！

Methods Clinical data of 3 cases of bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy were analyzed retrospectively.

回顾总结3例LC术中胆管损伤的临床资料，分析3例胆管损伤的原因及对策。

These techniques are applied to the gobang.

本文将这些技术用于五子棋中。