查询词典 sleep debt

The effects and mechanism of GABAergic neurons, NOergic neurons, opioid peptide and cyclic adenosine monophosphate in the nucleus reticularis thalami on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats and the effects and mechanism of the 5-HTergic nerve fibers project from the nucleus raphes dorsalis to RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats were investigated with the methods of brain stereotaxic, nucleus spile, microinjection and polysomngraphy.1. The effects of GABAergic neurons in RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats1.1 Microinjection of 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3-MP, a kind of glutamate decarboxylase inhibitor) into RT. On the day of microinjection, sleep only decreased a litter. On the second day, sleep marked decreased and wakefulness marked increased. On the third and fourth day, sleep and wakefulness stages resumed to normal.1.2 Microinjection of gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA 1.0μg) into RT enhanced sleep and reduced wakefulness compared with control; while microinjection of L-glutamate (L-Glu, 0.2μg) decreased sleep and increased wakefulness; microinjection of bicuculline (BIC, 1.0μg), a GABAA receptor antagonist, enhanced wakefulness and reduced sleep; microinjection of baclofen (BAC, 1.0μg), GABAB receptor agonist, had the same effects as GABA.2. The effects of NOergic neurons in RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats2.1 Microinjection of L-arginine (L-Arg, 0.5μg) into RT decreased sleep compared with control, but there were on statistaical difference between L-Arg group and control; while microinjection of sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 0.2μg), a NO donor into RT, sleep marked decreased and wakefulness marked increased. Microinjection of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, N-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA, 2.0μg) into RT enhanced sleep and reduced wakefulness.2.2 After simultaneous microinjection of L-NNA (2.0μg) and SNP (0.2μg) into RT, SNP abolished the sleep-promoting effect of L-NNA compared with L-NNA group; after simultaneous microinjection of L-NNA (2.0μg) and L-Arg(0.5μg) into RT, we found that L-NNA could not blocked the wakefulness-promoting effect of L-Arg.3. The effects of opioid peptide in RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats3.1 Microinjection of morphine sulfate (MOR, 1.0μg) into RT increased wakefulness and decreased sleep compared with control; while microinjection of naloxone hydrochloride (NAL, 1.0μg), the antagonist of opiate receptors, into RT, enhanced sleep and reduced wakefulness.3.2 After simultaneous microinjection of MOR (1.0μg) and NAL (1.0μg) into RT, the wakefulness-promoting effect of MOR and the sleep-promoting effect of NAL were not observed compared with control.4. The effects of cAMP in RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats Microinjection of cAMP (1.0μg) into RT increased sleep and decreased wakefulness compared with control; microinjection of methylene blue (MB,1.0μg) into RT enhanced sleep and reduced wakefulness compared with control.5. The effects of the 5-HTergic nerve fibers project from DRN to RT on sleep-wakefulness cycle of rats5.1 When L-Glu (0.2μg) was microinjected into DRN and normal sodium (NS,1.0μg) was microinjected into bilateral RT. We found that sleep was decreased and wakefulness was increased compared with control; when L-Glu (0.2μg) was microinjected into DRN and methysergide (MS,1.0μg), a non-selective 5-HT antagonist, was microinjected into bilateral RT, We found that sleep was enhanced and wakefulness was reduced compared with L-Glu group.5.2 When p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA, 10μg) was microinjected into DRN and NS (1.0μg) was microinjected into bilateral RT, We found that sleep was increased and wakefulness was decreased compared with control; microinjection of 5-hydroxytryptaphan (5-HTP, 1.0μg), which can convert to 5-HT by the enzyme tryptophane hydroxylase and enhance 5-HT into bilateral RT, could block the effect of microinjection of PCPA into DRN on sleep-wakefulness cycle.

本研究采用脑立体定位、核团插管、微量注射、多导睡眠描记等方法，研究丘脑网状核(nucleus reticularis thalami，RT)中γ-氨基丁酸(gamma-amino butyric acid ，GABA)能神经元、一氧化氮(nitrogen monoxidum，NO)能神经元、阿片肽类神经递质、环一磷酸腺苷(cyclic adenosine monophosphate，cAMP)及中缝背核(nucleus raphes dorsalis，DRN)至RT的5-羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine，5-HT)能神经纤维投射对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响及其作用机制。1 RT内GABA能神经元对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响1.1大鼠RT内微量注射GABA合成关键酶抑制剂3-巯基丙酸(3-MP，5μg)，注射当天睡眠时间略有减少，第二日睡眠时间显著减少，觉醒时间明显增多，第三、四日睡眠和觉醒时间逐渐恢复至正常。1.2大鼠RT内微量注射GABA受体激动剂GABA( 1.0μg)后，与生理盐水组比较，睡眠时间增加，觉醒时间减少；而RT内微量注射L-谷氨酸(glutamic acid， L-Glu， 0.2μg)后，睡眠时间减少，觉醒时间增加；RT内微量注射GABAA受体阻断剂荷包牡丹碱(bicuculline，BIC，1.0μg)后，睡眠时间减少，觉醒时间增加；RT内微量注射GABAB受体激动剂氯苯氨丁酸(baclofen，BAC，1.0μg)后，产生了与GABA相似的促睡眠效果。2 RT内NO能神经元对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响2.1大鼠RT内微量注射NO的前体L-精氨酸(L-Arg，0.5μg)后，与生理盐水组对比，睡眠时间略有减少，但无显著性意义；而RT内微量注射NO的供体硝普钠(Sodium Nitroprusside，SNP，0.2μg)后可明显增加觉醒时间，缩短睡眠时间；微量注射一氧化氮合酶抑制剂L-硝基精氨酸(L-arginine，L-NNA，2.0μg)后，引起睡眠时间增多，觉醒时间减少。2.2大鼠RT内同时微量注射L-NNA(2.0μg)和SNP(0.2μg)后与L-NNA组比较发现SNP逆转了L-NNA的促睡眠作用；RT内同时微量注射L-NNA(2.0μg)和L-Arg(0.5μg)后，与L-NNA(2.0μg)组比较发现L-Arg可以增加觉醒而缩短睡眠，其促觉醒作用未能被NOS的抑制剂L-NNA所逆转。3 RT内阿片肽对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响3.1大鼠RT内微量注射硫酸吗啡(morphine sulfate，MOR，1.0μg)后与生理盐水组对比，睡眠时间减少而觉醒时间增加； RT内微量注射阿片肽受体拮抗剂盐酸纳洛酮(naloxone hydrochloride，NAL，1.0μg)后与生理盐水组比较，睡眠时间增加而觉醒时间减少。3.2大鼠RT内同时微量注射MOR(1.0μg)和NAL(1.0μg)后，与生理盐水组对比，原有的MOR促觉醒效果和NAL的促睡眠效果都没有表现。4 RT内环一磷酸腺苷信使对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响大鼠RT内微量注射cAMP(1.0μg)后与NS(1.0μg)组比较，睡眠时间增多而觉醒时间减少；RT内微量注射亚甲蓝(methylene blue，MB，1.0μg)后，与NS组比较，睡眠时间增多而觉醒时间减少。5中缝背核投射到丘脑网状核的5-羟色胺能神经纤维对大鼠睡眠-觉醒周期的影响5.1大鼠DRN内微量注射L-Glu(0.2μg)，同时在双侧RT内微量注射NS (1.0μg)后，与对照组(DRN和双侧RT注射NS， 0.2μg)比较，睡眠时间减少，觉醒时间增多；大鼠DRN内微量注射L-Glu(0.2μg)，同时在双侧RT内微量注射二甲基麦角新碱(methysergide， MS， 1.0μg )后，与对照组(DRN注射L-Glu 0.2μg，双侧RT注射NS 1.0μg)比较，睡眠时间增多，觉醒时间减少。5.2大鼠DRN内微量注射对氯苯丙氨酸(p-chlorophenylalanine，PCPA，10μg)，同时在双侧RT内微量注射NS (1.0μg)后，与对照组(DRN和双侧RT注射NS， 1.0μg)比较，睡眠时间增多，觉醒时间减少；大鼠DRN内微量注射PCPA(10μg)，产生睡眠增多效应后，在双侧RT内微量注射5-羟色胺酸(5-hydroxytryptaphan ， 5-HTP， 1.0μg )后，与对照组(DRN注射PCPA 10μg，双侧RT注射NS 1.0μg)比较，睡眠时间减少，觉醒时间增多。

To sum up, the financial function of the public debt has widened the function of the public debt policy. The seigniorage function of public debt and the special function of public debt market in providing liquidity make public debt policy become more independent. Therefore, if public debt policy is to play a sufficient role in the macroeconomic management, it is essential to set up a developed and perfect public debt market.

总之，国债金融职能拓宽了国债政策的作用范围，国债的铸币税功能和国债市场在维护市场流动性方面的特殊作用，使国债政策具有较强的独立性，而建立一个发达和完善的国债市场是充分发挥国债政策宏观调控作用的必要条件。

Article 13Where a debt restructuring is made by a combination of the liquidation of a debt by assets, the liquidation of a debt by non-cash asset, the conversion of a debt into capital and the modification of other terms of a debt, the creditor shall offset, one by one, the cash received, the fair value of the non-cash asset received, and the fair value of the shares to which the creditor becomes entitled, against the book balance of the debt to be restructured, then handle it in accordance with Article 12 of these Standards.

第十三条债务重组采用以现金清偿债务、非现金资产清偿债务、债务转为资本、修改其他债务条件等方式的组合进行的，债权人应当依次以收到的现金、接受的非现金资产公允价值、债权人享有股份的公允价值冲减重组债权的账面余额，再按照本准则第十二条的规定处理。

Article 8Where a debt restructuring is made by a combination of the liquidation of a debt by assets, the liquidation of a debt by non-cash asset, the conversion of a debt into capital, and the modification of other terms of a debt, the debtor shall offset, one by one, the cash paid, the fair value of the non-cash asset transferred, and the fair value of the shares to which the creditor becomes entitled, against the book value of the debt to be restructured, then handle it in accordance with Article 7 of these Standards.

第八条债务重组以现金清偿债务、非现金资产清偿债务、债务转为资本、修改其他债务条件等方式的组合进行的，债务人应当依次以支付的现金、转让的非现金资产公允价值、债权人享有股份的公允价值冲减重组债务的账面价值，再按照本准则第七条的规定处理。

Article 12When other terms of a debt are modified, the creditor shall recognize the fair value of the credit after the modification of other terms of the debt as the book value of the restructured debt and shall handle the book balance of the debt to be restructured and the book value of the restructured debt in accordance with Article 9 of these Standards.

第十二条修改其他债务条件的，债权人应当将修改其他债务条件后的债权的公允价值作为重组后债权的账面价值，重组债权的账面余额与重组后债权的账面价值之间的差额，比照本准则第九条的规定处理。

Article 7Where other terms of a debt are modified, the debtor shall regard the post-modification fair value of the debt as the entry value of the restructured debt, and shall include the difference between the book value of the debt to be restructured and the entry value of the restructured debt in the current profits and losses.

第七条修改其他债务条件的，债务人应当将修改其他债务条件后债务的公允价值作为重组后债务的入账价值。重组债务的账面价值与重组后债务的入账价值之间的差额，计入当期损益。

Where the debt transferred, the concerned right of mortgage is transferred simultaneously, unless otherwise provided by law or agreed by parties. According to the word, the mortgagee and the mortgagor may agree that the mortgage of ship is not transferred with transferred prime debt. But they cannot agree that the right of mortgager is apart from the prime debt to transfer or become the right of mortgage for other debt. Where the debtor' performance ability and credit is better, as well as the debtor and the mortgagor are the same or have affiliated relation, it is possible that the right of mortgage is not transferred with transferred prime debt.

船舶抵押权人可以和抵押人约定除了"债务人不履行到期债务"以外的实现抵押权的情形，如约定当债务人有其他的违约行为或经营不善将影响到债务人的履约能力时、显著的船舶市场行情下降将影响船舶抵押权实现的额度、显著的船况下降将使船舶出现优先权和船舶留置权的可能性增加等情形出现时，船舶抵押权人可以实现债权。

The main reason for the debtors' co-operations is: the debt-collectors normally "catch the ball before the bound" to implement their commitment actions to punish, and because of the lack of information about possible punishments the debt-collectors would carry out, the high expected cost of collecting and examining information, the uncertainty of the type of debt-collectors as well as the great probability of pugnacity on the part of debt-collectors by nature, the punishment commitment of debt-collectors would become more credible, the expected cost of debtors' breach of contracts would increase correspondingly, and as a result, the debtors have to choose cooperation passively.

债务人合作的主要原因是：收债人"先下手为强"实施威慑的承诺行动，而因债务人对收债人可能采取的惩罚措施缺乏充分信息，信息搜索和检验成本太高，收债人类型不确定，且天性好斗的概率偏大等因素，导致收债人惩罚的可置信度进一步提高，债务人违约的预期成本较高，从而被动选择合作。

Based on the year of Electric Power Industry 2005-2008 data sample empirical study found that: China's electric power companies of investment spending and asset liability ratio, long and short term debt ratio, the proportion of bank loans, commercial credit ratio and the ratio of long and short term borrowings were significantly negative correlation, that debt can play a listed company of China Power Investment spending restraints of debt and debt maturity structure and the different types of debt structure binding effects were not significantly difference

本文通过对我国电力上市公司2005-2008年度数据样本的实证研究发现：我国电力上市公司的投资支出与资产负债率、长短期负债比例、银行借款比例、商业信用比例以及长短期借款比例均存在显著的负相关性，证明负债可以发挥对我国电力上市公司投资支出的债务约束作用，并且负债的不同期限结构和类型结构的债务约束效果没有显著的差异性。

objective to study the correlation among psychosomatic health factors,depression,anxiety and sleep status in college students,to analyze influence factors in sleep status.methods with questionnaire opened in-vestigation,200college students were evaluated using cornell medical index,self-rating depression,self-rating anxiety scaleand pittsburgh sleep quality index.stepwise regression analysis was used.re-sults total score of sds was35.55±7.8,and sas was0.48±0.9.each score of cmi was higher than normal range,the highest was digestion system,next was respiration system,then,fatigue,eyes and ears,anxiety,sensitivity,tension,maladjustment in turn.total average score of psqi was6.32±3.6,ordinary sleep were115cases（57.5%）,good and bad sleep were42（21%）and43（21.5%）cases respectively.influence factors in total score of psqi were sas,cmi,respiration system,anxiety,past healthy,digestion system,fatigue,sensitivity,sds and malad-justment in turn,using stepwise regression analysis,total score of psqi as dependent variable,each factor score of cmi,total score of sds and sas as independent variables.conclusion problems of psychosomatic health,anxiety and depression could both lead to sleep disorder.

目的 研究在校大学生心身健康因素及抑郁焦虑等与睡眠状况的相关性，并对影响睡眠状况的有关因素进行分析。方法采用问卷式的开放性研究，对在校的200名大学生进行康奈尔心身健康问卷、自评抑郁量表、焦虑自评量表和匹兹堡睡眠质量量表的测定，采用逐步回归分析方法。结果 sds总分为35.55±7.8、sas总分为0.48±0.9，cmi评分：消化系统最为严重评分为2.52，其次为呼吸系统、疲劳感、眼和耳、焦虑、敏感、紧张、不适应等，评分均高于正常常模。psqi总均分为6.32±3.6，一般睡眠有115例占57.5%，睡眠质量较好42例占21.0%，睡眠质量较差43例占21.5%。评估对睡眠状况的影响程度，以psqi总分为因变量，选择cmi各因子分和sds、sas总分作为自变量，进行多因素逐步回归分析，进入方程的因素依据标准化偏回归系数，影响psqi总分的因素依次为sas总分、cmi总分、呼吸系统、焦虑、既往健康、消化系统、疲劳感、敏感、sds总分、不适应（f=226.8；p.01；r=0.73）。结论心身健康问题和焦虑抑郁可导致睡眠障碍。

The circulation, consumption and reproduction of the trilogy have not only testified to its historical significance and literariness, but also invested it with new meanings.

该三部曲的流通、消费与再生产不仅验证了其历史意义及文学性，而切还赋予它以新的意义。

If he thought that he could buy me off, he would be wrong.

如果他认为他可以收买我，那他就大错特错了。