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Simulations of echo intensity,maximum precipitation without orographic effects are much weaker than observations;and they are much improved and closer to the reality after consideration of orographic effects.

理想地形的对流过程虽然不能模拟出对流群中多单体的生消过程，但最大降水强度和累积降水都比平坦地面的大，更接近实测结果。

Mesoscale model MM5 isused to examine the orographic effect to the precipitation caused by a MesoscaleConvective System over Taiwan. A seriesof sensitive simulations are carried out toinvestigate the sensitivity of model resolution and orographic accuracy to precipitation.

Keywords：orographic effect； MCS； precipitation 台湾地形对1998年6月7-8日中标准对流系统降雨的影响朱晓金张庆红摘要：利用中标准模式MM5研究了台湾地形对中标准对流系统所引起的降雨的影响。

The passive tracking dynamics is modeled by the turn rate, and the basic steps of the nonlinear particle filter are discussed. According to constraint conditions including the terrain data and the maneuvering capability of the target, outrange particles are discarded during prediction and update steps, and the distribution and the weight of particles are adjusted. The performance and the RMSE are analyzed by comparison simulations with the unconstraint particle filter.

使用转弯率概念建立了被动跟踪模型，阐述了非线性粒子滤波的基本过程；通过设定地域和机动性能约束条件，抛弃约束外粒子，并对粒子分布和权重进行调整，利用CPF进行了目标跟踪仿真实验，与无约束的粒子滤波跟踪进行了对比，分析了轨迹跟踪性能，比较了跟踪误差。

Simulations show that the proposed scheme has a better performance than that of the traditional scheme when the channel information is not perfectively known at transmitter. And the scheme is obviously robust when the uncertanty of channel information changing.

仿真结果表明：当发射端获得的信道信息不准确时，提出的算法表现出比传统特征波束成形算法更低的误比特率，并且当信道信息的不确定程度变化时，提出算法的性能有很好的鲁棒性。

We did a large range of simulations where we varied the mass of the perturber and the distance of closest approach, says Chakrabarti.

钱克拉巴蒂说：我们基于星系边缘的骚动现象和近距离观测，进行了大量的模拟实验研究。

VOF method was used to track the shape and location of free face, and PISO method was used to couple the velocity field and pressure field. By the 2-D and 3-D numerical simulations of the flow in sprinkler component under different states, the preliminary flow law of the sprinkler was revealed for the first time.

6采用三维非定常N-S方程作为控制方程，利用标准κ-ε紊流模型封闭雷诺时均方程，并利用VOF方法求解追踪自由表面的形状和位置，采用PISO算法耦合速度压力场，首次对喷头射流元件内部流动的不同运行状态进行了二维、三维数值模拟，初步揭示了内部流动的一般规律。

This paper presents a wake impingement modelthat was incorporated into a panel method code,Propella,and its applications in simulations of a podded propeller .

本文介绍一种已经嵌入一面元法程序的尾涡砰击模型，及其在一吊舱桨尾涡撞击支柱诱导表面压力模拟中的应用。

Some years ago, the first credible computer simulations predicted that, as the Earth warmed, the Hadley jet streams and their associated wind and rainfall patterns would move poleward.

几年前，第一次可信的计算机模拟预测，由于地球加温，哈德利喷气溪流以及与它们相关的风和降雨格局会提出poleward 。

The adsorption behavior of polydisperse polymers at solid-liquid interfaces was studied by the method of Monte Carlo simulations based on the lattice model, and effects of the polymer chain length in systems of both average and normal distributions on the adsorption layer thickness were evaluated.

在格子模型基础上用MonteCarlo方法模拟研究了多分散高分子在固液界面的吸附行为，重点考察了平均分布和正态分布两种不同链长分布形式的高分子在固液界面吸附层厚度的分布规律，模拟结果与概率统计模型计算的吸附层厚度分布趋势一致。

He adsorption behavior of polydisperse polymers at solid-liquid interfaces is studied by the method of Monte Carlo simulations based on the lattice model, and effects of the polymer chain length in systems of both average and normal distributions on the polymer conformation (tails, trains and loops distribution) are evaluated.

在格子模型基础上用Monte Carlo方法模拟研究了多分散高分子在固液界面的吸附行为，重点考察了平均分布和正态分布两种不同链长分布形式的高分子在固液界面吸附构型的分布规律。发现高分子不同的链长分布形式，对高分子吸附构型的性质影响较大。

Finally, according to market conditions and market products this article paper analyzes the trends in the development of camera technology, and designs a color night vision camera.

最后根据市场情况和市面上产品的情况分析了摄像机技术的发展趋势，并设计了一款彩色夜视摄像机。

Only person height weeds and the fierce looks stone idles were there.

只有半人深的荒草和龇牙咧嘴的神像。