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Most of modern China's ethnic groups were subjects of the Yuan Dynasty. The Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), founded by the Manchus, set up the Ili Generalship and Xinjiang Province in the Western Regions, appointed Grand Minister Resident in Tibet and established the system of conferring honorific titles on two Living Buddhas — the Dalai and Panchen — by the central government. In addition, the Qing court carried out a series of political reforms in southwestern China, including the policy of gaituguiliu, i.e., appropriating the governing power of local hereditary aboriginal chieftains and setting up the system of appointment of local administrators by the central government in the minority areas. China's territory in the Qing Dynasty was basically the same as that of today.

满族建立的清朝（1644—1911年），在西域设伊犁将军并建新疆行省，在西藏设驻藏大臣，确立由中央政府册封达赖、班禅两大活佛的历史定制，在西南一些少数民族地区实行废除土司制度、选派官员统一管理的"改土归流"（少数民族地方行政长官由中央政府委派）政治改革，最终确定了今天中国的版图。

Present a kind of paraconsistent modal logics PML by generalizing classical modal logics'truth value set from {0, 1} to [0, 1] , propose new logical consequence relationships by generalizing fuzzy implications in PML, introduce sound and complete Gentzen style inference systems in PML. 9. Global properties of valid formulas are the necessary conditions that must be satisfied by valid formulas.

8将经典模态逻辑公式的值域从{0，1}扩充到[0，1]，结合模糊逻辑推理关系的研究结果，建立了能处理不一致知识的模态逻辑，并给出其可靠而且完备的Gentzen型推理系统。

In East Africa, forms of cooperation and territorial organization vary with a society's core institutions, with groups such as the Nuer and the Somali characterized by segmentary lineage organization, Oromo by a generation-grading system, and the Maasai and other Nilotic societies by an age-set system.

但是牧民由于失去草场最易受威胁，这反过来刺激了冲突的增加。他认为，现代性的概念在非洲语境中过于频繁使用，很少作为生产力增长、经济发展的一种科学观念，更多受到非洲干旱土地上的牧民的怀疑。因此，牧民不应仅看作为生计方式特征的社会，而且是一个为保留土地基地而战的乡村阶层。

The model was further validated by mapping onto it a diverse set of two HCV NS3 protease inhibitor identified by two different pharmaceutical companies. The best model predicted one compounds as being highly active and one inactive, maybe these two compounds work by different mechanism.

接下来用两家药厂的两个结构多样之HCV NS3蛋白酶抑制剂与药效基团作叠合，一个预测成高活性另一个预测成无活性，也许是这两个化合物作用的机制不同。

For detail,we studied the Incidence Algebra I defined by finite Partially Ordered Set X,and sheaf F based on the topology T_x defined by the partial order;By studying the relation between finite module category mod I and the sheaf category Sh_x A,we proved that they are equivalent.

特别的，对给定的有限偏序集X确定的Incidence代数Ⅰ，及由X的序关系定义的拓扑结构T_X上的层F，通过考查有限模范畴modⅠ与层范畴Sh_XA之间的关系，证明了Incidence代数上的模范畴与层范畴的等价性。

Methods The cognitive impairment rat model was induced by hypodermic D-galactose injection and half fat feeder (6 weeks), the Morris water maze was used to screen the model rats, which were divided randomly into 4 groups (12 rats in each group): the model group, the hydrochloricdonepezil group (0.4 mg/kg, weight, sic passim), the low-dose Huannao Yicong Fang group (7 g crude drug/kg), the high-dose Huannao Yicong Fang group (14 g crude drug/kg), they were treated respectively by intragastric administration. Besides, a control group of 12 rats was set up, they were given tales doses of distilled water. After 4 weeks, the behavior of the rats was detected, the contents of plasma P-selectin and PAI-1 were measured by ELISA, also the hemorrheology was measured.

采用皮下注射D-半乳糖及喂饲半高脂饲料（6周）的方法造成大鼠认知功能障碍，Morris水迷宫行为学测试确定模型成功的动物，随机分成四组（每组12只：模型对照组给予等量水，盐酸多奈哌齐组（0.4mg/kg，体质量，下同），还脑益聪方低剂量组（7g生药／kg），还脑益聪方高剂量组（14g生药／kg），同时灌胃给药，并设立正常对照组，给予等量水。4周后，对大鼠行为学检测，应用酶联免疫法检测大鼠血浆P-选择素及PAI-1含量和血液流变学各项指标。

The miners were followed by the loggers, abetted by the patchwork quilt of private landholdings originally awarded to the railroad companies by the federal government in exchange for building the intercontinental railroads. In 1984 the region was set aside as the Trinity Alps Wilderness Area.

这些矿井是因那些伐木工人而起，也得到了一些土地私有者的帮助，他们提供了原本是由联邦政府为建立国际铁路而让铁道公司与他们作为交换的一些拼凑成的覆盖物。1984年这一带被划成了阿尔卑斯山特里尼特斯旷野区。

I have calculated the species diversity for 3 layers (i.e. tree layer, shrub layer and herb layer) by means of various biodiversity index formulas and analyzed the relative species abundance using 9 models of the probability density distribution functions, such as, 3 Distribution (or Beta Distribution, Weibull Distribution, Lognormal Distribution, Poisson Distribution, Binomial Distribution, Negative Binomial Distribution ,Geometric Distribution, etc.. chi-square analyses were conducted on species distribution by using the chi-square test formulated by Pearson to test which distribution function is better, the result of chi square test made it possible to reject the other 8 distribution functions, theβdistribution function performs better than other probability density functions, it has a very close approximation, which can be used for the description of relative abundances of species in forest communities in this data set.

在相对多度研究上选用了九种概率分布模型，这九种概率密度分布函数依次为：贝塔分布、Weibull分布、对数正态分布、泊松分布、二项分布、负二项分布、几何分布、对数分布和奈曼A型分布，并进行了严格的卡方检验，结果表明：其它八种分布均被遭到拒绝，只有贝塔分布获得了通过，且拟合的结果非常理想。

The results showed:among the 7 isolates, five isolates of HY3、GY1－3、ZJ1－1、HP1、FC3 had same colony shape, irregular shape, liquidlike, slimy, opacity with smooth surface;the other two isolates had same shape, irregular shape, dry, opacity with coarse surface. By inoculating eucalyptus with the 7 isolates, the plants were infected apparently, and the young plants of eucalyptus in control experiment with tap water were not infected. By cultivating eucalyptus cuttings with the bacterial suspensions without EPS, the incidence of disease was very distinct,but compared with the former bacteria suspension,the incidence of disease has decreased at different degrees. By screening out two isolates of strong pathogenicity and two isolates of weak pathogenicity from the 7 isolates,making the bacterial suspensions with them to inoculate the young plants of eucalyptus, two treatments of cutlings and ramets with rats were set with 5 repetitions in every treatment, the results of data analysis showed: for the cutlings, the bacterial contents in upper and middle parts、upper and lower had significant difference;for ramets with roots, the bacterial contents in upper, middle parts, lower had significant difference between each other; For both the cutlings and ramets with roof, the bacterial contents in xylem and phloem had significant difference. The interaction between vertical and horizontal parts for the bacterial content had significant difference. For the two isolates of HY3 and 93B which were screened out at last,their activities of the cellulase were: 1.955ug/ and 1.288ug/ respectively, and had significant difference; the activities of pectase were: 1.325 ug/and 1.24ug/ respectively, and had no significant difference. The content of EPS extracted from the two isolates of HY3 and 93B was very different: 7.08x10-8ug/cell and 5.17x10-8ug/cell.

结果显示：7个菌株中，其中5个菌株HY3、GY1－3、ZJ1－1、HP1、FC3的菌落形态相同：不规则形状、流体、粘性、不透明、表面光滑；另外2个菌株93B、GN1菌落形态相同：不规则形状、干燥、不透明、表面粗糙；用7个菌株接种剪根桉树苗，发病情况非常明显，而自来水对照实验中桉树苗却不发病；无EPS菌悬液培养桉树剪根苗，发病率也很明显，但是相比原菌液，则发病率有不同程度的下降；从7个菌株中间筛选出来2个强致病性菌株和2个弱致病性菌株，用它们配制菌悬液培养桉树苗，设置剪根和不剪根两个处理，每个处理设置五个重复，数据分析结果显示：对于剪根苗，上部和中部、上部和下部的含菌量有显著的差异，中部和下部含菌量差异不显著；带根苗，上部、中部、下部含菌量彼此之间差异显著；不管是剪根苗还是带根苗，木质部和韧皮部含菌量之间的差异都非常显著；上中下与木韧交互作用中，含菌量差异非常显著；最后筛选出来的强弱2个菌株HY3和93B，它们的纤维素酶活性分别为：1.955ug/和1.288ug/，具有显著的差别；果胶酶的活性分别为：1.325 ug/和1.24ug/，没有显著的差别，而且HY3和93B两个菌株细胞分泌的胞外多糖的含量差异很显著，分别为：7.08×10-8ug/cell和5.17×10-8ug/cell。

A new method to correct the Rayleigh scattering effect by using NCEP reanalyzed data set was given. The aerosol optical thickness and surface albedo distribution in 670nm and 865nm over north of China were also given by using POLDER level-1B data, and some results were compared with that of by other method and seem to be reasonable.

六。在敏感性分析和模拟反演的基础上提出了完整的利用偏振反射率和总反射率同时反演陆地上空大气气溶胶光学厚度和地表反射率的方案，提出利用NCEP资料订正由海拔高度引起的Rayleigh散射变化的具体方法，并利用POLDER的Level 1B资料进行实际反演计算，给出我国华北地区气溶胶光学厚度和地表反射率的区域分布，并进行了对比验证分析，取得了比较合理的定量结果。

For a big chunk of credit-card losses; the number of filings (and thus charge-off rates) would be rising again, whether

年美国个人破产法的一个改动使得破产登记急速下降，而后引起了信用卡大规模的亏损。

Eph. 4:23 And that you be renewed in the spirit of your mind

弗四23 而在你们心思的灵里得以更新