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The phylogenetic relationship of raptors and nighthawks were estimated by mitochondrial rRNA gene sequences in this study by comparing the partial basepair fragments of 12S rRNA and 16S rRNA genes among 5 species of Falcoiformes, 3 species of Strigiformes and 1 species of Caprimulgiformes sequenced in this experement, together with the homologous segments of mtDNA in other 17 species of birds downloaded from GenBank.

本文测定5种隼形目鸟类、3种鸮形目鸟类和1种夜鹰目鸟类的部分线粒体12S rRNA基因和16S rRNA基因，结合从GenBank下载的17种鸟类同源基因进行系统进化研究。

Rice genome DNA was extracted from rice blades and used as template for PCR reaction. Two rice chitinase genes CHAB and CH24 were amplified. They were cloned to T-vector and sequenced.

本研究以水稻基因组DNA为模板，通过PCR扩增，获得两种水稻几丁质酶基因CHAB和CH24，分别连接到T载体进行测序。

Moreover, we we sequenced the entire mitochondrial DNA control region from 17 charadriiform species, and found that the base composition and distribution of the variable nucleotide sites within the control region were similar to other avian species, but a series of short tandem repeated motifs in the 3' end of domain III made A nucleotides and length increased significantly. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these sequences could not well resolve the relationship among genus in Charadriiformes, but within genera maybe has some valuable phylogenetic information.

此外，本研究测定了鸻形目17种鸟类线粒体调控区序列，发现在碱基组成和进化速率上与其它鸟类相似，但其3'末端的串联重复序列导致domain III长度且A含量显著增加；利用调控区序列未能较好的解决鸻形目属以上水平的分类，但对于解决属内物种间的进化关系具有一定的参考价值。

Three major clusters of numt sequences ( cyt b numt、 ATP8+ATP6 numt and ND4+ tRNA-His+ tRNA-Ser numt) were particularity amplified and sequenced from 10 species within Galliformes and A.galericalata. Comparison numts sequences with homologous mitochondrial partial genes get the different evolutionary characteristics and evolutionary speed compared to mtDNA, then examine the age of insertion of numts using the sequence divergence of numt from the mtDNA. Finally, joined Coturnix japonica、 Coturnix chinensis、 Lophura leucomelana、 Lophura swinhoii and A.albifrons mitochondrial sequences in GenBank, we study the importance function to phylogenetic research of mitochondrial genes and homologous numts.The evolutionary rate of Numts is lower than their authentic sequences of mtDNA, cyt b and ND4 gene evolve faster than homologous numts 2.5 times; ATP8+ATP6 gene evolve faster than numts 18.9 times in Galliformes. Numts show less codon position bias and transition bias under not phylogenetic pressure.

根据2004年3月GenBank登录的红原鸡核基因组草图与其线粒体基因组比对发现红原鸡核基因组中存在3段较长的线粒体假基因，利用PCR方法扩增鸡形目10种鸟类和雁形目中鸳鸯核基因组中3段numt序列：cyt b numt、ATP8及下游ATP6 numt和ND4+tRNA-His+tRNA-Ser numt，测序后分别比较线粒体基因与核同源numt序列的进化特点和进化速率，确定numt序列插入核基因组的时间，以及结合GenBank已登录的日本鹌鹑、蓝胸鹑、黑鹇、蓝鹇和1个雁形目物种——白鹅雁(A.albifrons)相应序列探讨两种同源序列对于鸟类系统进化发育重建的重要作用。

The fragments of mtDNA COI gene were sequenced for 11 species from 3 subfamilies of Cypraeidae, and the homologous sequences of another 17 species of Cypraeidae were downloaded from GenBank.

首先，本研究对腹足纲部分类群的分子系统学研究进展及宝贝科动物系统进化研究中存在的若干问题进行了较为系统的评述。

After having been sequenced of the genomes in many species, one of the most advanced studies is to cytogenetically locate the DNA sequences to chromosomes, and construct integrated map combined the genetic map, contig map, chromosome banding pattern map, and cytogenetic map.

多种生物全序测定完成后，本领域最前沿的研究之一是将已测顺序进行细胞遗传学定位，作遗传图，重叠群图，染色体带型图和细胞遗传学图的整合图。

The morphological and cytopathological characters of the viruses were observed by electron microscopy The types of virus were identified with I-ELISA, DAS-ELISA, TAS-ELISA, RT-PCR and IC-PCR. The CP genes of the main viruses identified in this research were amplified by PCR, cloned into pGEM-T and sequenced. The pumpkin germplasm from Heilongjiang and Yunnan provinces was screened for resistance to the main viruses using friction and roots immersed inoculation.

应用电子显微镜负染法和超薄切片法观察病原粒体形态及细胞病理学特征；利用酶联免疫吸附测定法中的双抗体夹心ELISA、间接ELISA、三抗体夹心ELISA以及反转录聚合酶链式反应、免疫捕捉PCR方法鉴定了采集样品中的病毒种类；对被确定为南瓜主要病毒病原的外壳蛋白基因进行了PCR扩增，克隆到pGEM-T载体并进行测序；应用摩擦接种法和浸根接种法对云南、黑龙江省部分南瓜品系、品种进行了抗性筛选。

In chapter two and three, Fragments of mitochondrial 16S and 12S rDNA were amplified and sequenced for 27 species from 7 subfamilies of the Nymphalidae and 2 species of Danaidae.

本文测定了蛱蝶科7亚科27种蛱蝶和斑蝶科2种蝴蝶的线粒体16S rRNA和12S rRNA基因部分序列。

SQUA genes of Dendrocalamus latiflorus were sequenced, and phylogenetic form on SQUA genes in angiosperms was analyzed. Relative rate and adaptive evolution after SQUA gene duplication in recent common ancestor of monocots and eudicots were analyzed using the methods of relative rate test, statistic on synonymous and non-synonymous coden substitution sites and likelihood rate test.

测定了麻竹的SQUA基因序列并分析了被子植物中SOUA类基因的系统发育式样；采用相对速率检验、同义与非同义置换位点统计以及似然比检验方法，分析了单子叶和真双子叶植物最近共同祖先中SQUA基因发生基因重复后的进化速率与适应机制。

Col gene fragment of Engraulis japonicus of different geographical populations are amplified and sequenced.

本研究进一步对分布于黄、东海海域不同地理群体的鳀鱼mtDNA CoI基因片段进行了PCR扩增和测序。

And Pharaoh spoke to Joseph, saying, Your father and your brothers have come to you.

47：5 法老对约瑟说，你父亲和你弟兄们到你这里来了。

Additionally, the approximate flattening of surface strip using lines linking midpoints on perpendicular lines between geodesic curves and the unconditional extreme value method are discussed.

提出了用测地线方程、曲面上两点间短程线来计算膜结构曲面测地线的方法，同时，采用测地线间垂线的中点连线和用无约束极值法进行空间条状曲面近似展开的分析。