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Notwithstanding the occasional absolutist claims for academic freedom, which some seem to understand as the freedom of academics to do anything, this paper argues that intellectual freedom is restricted to the role of universities and must be checked by other competing interests of society.

尽管一些专制主义者也偶尔主张学术自由，也就是一些人理解的对任何学术问题的自由，但是此文认为，学术自由应仅限于大学里学术观点的自由，并且要同时受到社会其他利益的制约。

The strong a priori presumptions in favour of that, as the mostarchaic system of kinship, backed by so much evidence as we have been able to adduce, seem to us satisfactorily to establish the position which we have taken up.

一个支持它的优先的假设的强大，如同最古老的血族关系制度，以我们能举出的如此多的证据，似乎对于我们确定我们从事的立场是可以满意的。

During the postgenomics era the information about genomic sequence and gene functions provides a new foundation for evolutionary biology and ecology As the first whole-genome sequenced plant Arabidopsis thaliana and its wild relatives have played a critical role in understanding the evolution of genomics and speciation Both A halleri and A lyrata are closely related to the model species A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera occurs in northeastern China Japan and Taiwan; while its sister A halleri ssp halleri is mainly distributed in Europe Geographical barriers such as Tienshan Mountain Range isolate these intraspecific sisters Likewise A lyrata ssp kamchatica and ssp lyrata occur in East Asia and North America respectively Such distribution patterns seem to be consistent with allopartic speciation The comparison between ancestral and extant polymorphism by multilocus can be informative about the population genetics of speciation In this study we collected and analyzed DNA sequences of 98 genes from four wild relatives of A thaliana A halleri ssp gemmifera A halleri ssp halleri A lyrata ssp kamchatica and A lyrata ssp lyrata The ancestral states of these four species were compared to each other in terms of level of genetic variation However the ancestral species at the time of speciation were substantially more polymorphic than the extant geographical populations The observations are not fully compatible with speciation by strict allopatry At some species pairs parapatric speciation seems more reasonable in speciation of Arabidopsis The 98 gene sequences are also used for the congruence test between gene genealogy and species phylogeny Only 28 genes support the species phylogeny but there are 23 genes supports another major genealogy { lyrata} thaliana Based on the phylogenetic position change of A lyrata ssp kamchatica and Ks value for each species pair suggested the recent directional gene flow between A halleri ssp gemmifera and A lyrata ssp kamchatica

阿拉伯芥是第一个完成基因体定序的开花植物，其基因体资讯提供植物学研究的重要依据；在解析阿拉伯芥属物种的亲缘关系以及种化机制等重要的演化议题时，阿拉伯芥近缘的野生物种自然成了不可或缺的关键；跟阿拉伯芥近缘的物种包括A halleri及A lyrata，其中A halleri ssp gemmifera主要分布於中国东北、日本以及台湾，与近缘的A halleri ssp halleri其分布於欧洲隔著天山及大陆的障蔽，而A lyrata ssp kamchatica主要分布於东北亚及台湾，与分布於北美五大湖的A lyrata ssp lyrata被北极圈所分隔，这样的分布模式暗示异域种化的可能。藉由多基因分析比较祖先物种与现生物种遗传歧异度的相关可提供讯息探讨种化时期的族群遗传结构，本研究针对A halleri ssp gemmifera、A halleri ssp halleri及A lyrata ssp kamchatica、A lyrata ssp lyrata四个物种，两对互为亚种的姊妹群，以阿拉伯芥为外群进行研究，在四个物种完成98个同源基因的分子序列，利用套装软体MCMCcoal来估算祖先物种的遗传变异，亦估算现生物种的核苷酸歧异度，观察到？多物种配对中祖先物种遗传多型性大於现生物种DNA歧异度，显示异域种化模型并无法完全解释阿拉伯芥属物种的种化模式，在某些物种配对间邻域种化模式应比异域种化更为可能；在基因树与物种树的比较，98个基因片段的亲缘模式只有28个是与已知物种树一致的，有23个基因其树状图支持{ lyrata} thaliana的型式，藉由kamchatica位置的变化以及估算各物种配对间的平均同义置换率，推测在A halleri ssp gemmifera与A lyrata ssp kamchatica间具有近代的单方向基因交流。

The ariability in amoebocyte concentration in the field does not seem to be linked to any of the factors considered in this study; it appears to reflect mostly an inter-indiidual ariation rather than seasonal fluctuations.

在研究中阿米巴的浓度在大田条件下没有与任何一种环境因子有关，看起来它受个体之间差异的影响比季节的变化更大。

Even if we attribute unconscious inferential aptitudes to them, they do not seem to have the data requisite for an inference to someone else's amorousness or anger.

即使我们把某种无意识推理才能归给它们，它们似乎没有必须的信息以推断出其他活物的示爱或生气。

After we had been called by divine dispensation to the care and rule of the universal church, even though we are unworthy of so great a responsibility, we began from the highest point of the apostolate, as from the top of Mount Sion, to turn our immediate gaze and direct our mind to the things that seem to be of primary importance for the salvation, peace and extension of the church itself.

之后，我们一直呼吁的神圣免除的照顾和法治的普世教会，尽管我们不配如此巨大的责任，我们开始从最高点牧灵，从山顶锡永，把我们立即目光和指导我们的思想的东西，似乎是最重要的拯救，和平与延长教会本身。

Many white supremacist organizations seem to have shown a tendency to splinter easily, and modern-day white supremacist movements existing on the Internet show a great deal of strife within "The Movement", in a similar way to that observed in movements at the opposite extreme of the political spectrum.

很多白人优越主义组织似乎已呈现出了有容易分裂的趋向，现今出现於互联网上的白人优越主义运动显示出在其「运动」之内有很多内乱。这与在政治谱本里之反极方向上所观察得到的政治运动是十分相似。

More than 3% of all deaths seem to be caused by adverse reactions to medical drugs, according to new research.

根据最新研究报导，有超过3%的死亡是由于药物副作用引起的。

After we turned the car in to Uncle Raymond, who didn't seem to mind the side trip, I had to get ready to go back to Georgetown.

把车交给雷蒙德伯伯后——他倒不介意我们绕了个弯儿，我就得做回乔治敦的准备了。

These dissonances seem to demand resolution,the bass wanting to move up to C,the upper parts needing to fall to G and 还原E respectively.

这些dissonances似乎需求决议中，低音要提升至C ，上层部分需要将下降至G和还原é分别。

Do you know, i need you to come back

你知道吗，我需要你回来

Yang yinshu、Wang xiangsheng、Li decang,The first discovery of haemaphysalis conicinna.

1〕 杨银书，王祥生，李德昌。安徽省首次发现嗜群血蜱。