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The basic approach of protecting people from being hurt or killed in an accident is to improve crashworthiness of vehicles. This paper starts with discussing theories and methods for vehicle passive safety design, which included experiential methods, analytic methods, multi-body dynamics methods, crash test methods and the finite element method. Emphasis will be paid to the basic FEM theories and algorithms of impact problems. Topics discussed include the governing equation, element discretization, hourglass control, time integration, material model, shell element algorithms and contact-impact algorithms. For more reliable simulation results, this paper then conducts study on how to accurately get material model parameters by combining the FEM method with experimental method, and develops relevant material test machine and parameter calculating software. Based on that, basic typical impact simulation and test validation study are conducted. On the basis of the above work, the paper studies the thin-shell structures'crashworthiness, which was affected by the following factors: spot-weld features, shell thickness, cross-section and pre-deformation. As to vehicle parts'crashworthiness, the paper conducts simulation study of designing energy-absorbing steering system and adaptive airbag system. A practical energy-absorbing steering wheel is designed as an example. In further depth research, the paper suggests several inverse quantificational methods for vehicle crashworthiness design based on the ideal crash characteristics. The above theories and methods are applied with good results through several practical vehicles' crashworthiness design and improvement.

文中对汽车碰撞安全性的设计理论和方法进行了归类和总结，其中包括经验法、解析法、多刚体动力学法、试验法以及有限元方法等；重点介绍了碰撞有限元法的基本理论和有关算法，涉及到有限元求解控制方程、单元离散、沙漏模态控制、时间积分、材料模型和应力修正、薄壳单元算法以及接触碰撞界面算法等，探讨了有限元计算中的材料模型参数获取技术，开发了相应的材料试验装置及材料模型参数反求软件，在此基础上进行了基本的碰撞仿真算例和试验对比研究；文中通过应用有限元方法研究了薄壁构件的碰撞吸能特性，指出了设计薄壁吸能构件时需要考虑的几个主要影响因素，即焊点、壁厚、横截面和预变形等；在关于车辆部件的碰撞安全性能设计中进行了吸能转向机构和自适应安全气囊的仿真研究，提出了吸能转向机构和自适应安全气囊的仿真研究方法；文中最后探讨了整车碰撞性能的设计与改进方法，提出了以理想碰撞特性为目标，采用分段加速度或者根据碰撞时间进行设计的反推设计法、部件吸能仿真优化设计法等量化设计方法，并通过综合应用文中所讨论的相关技术进行了整车碰撞性能的设计与改进实例研究，所选定的车型是大众化的普通轿车和碰撞安全性基础较差的微型面包车，研究结果表明，本文所提出的设计与改进方法是适用而有效的，具有重要的工程实用意义和价值。

In this paper, the force-energy formula which is suitable for double groove ball section ring is deduced based on force-energy formula of closed rolling... of rectangular cross-section ring by using micro-element method.

本文在矩形截面环件闭式辗扩力能公式的基础上，采用微元法推导了适合双沟截面环件的辗扩力能公式。

In view of the fact that the complicated power electronic and electric machine system has multiple nonlineerand simulating tests are difficult and costly, the paper analyzes the configuration of the complicated power electronic and electric machine system, studies the model and simulation methods of each section and according to its section complexity, proposes the method of the modeling and simulation method of modeling separately and simulating connectedly to combine the circuit simulation method with the system simulation method.

针对复杂的电力电子电机系统通常具有多个非线性环节，且实验模拟测试困难费用昂贵等问题，采用仿真方法，通过分析复杂电力电子电机系统的结构，并根据其结构特点，研究了其各组成部分的建模与仿真方法，提出了根据各子系统复杂程度单独建模、再从系统角度把电路仿真和系统仿真结合起来联合仿真的仿真研究方法。

Check paper may affect the pressure of the pressure that the reason for the press paper under the valve in the fuel tanks in the culumn because of the unavailability for a long time fatigue has broken off a section of this article, press paper cylinder performance of the product will be trimmed to be exerted by request, the replacement of a good spring, cut-quatily.

逐一检查可能影响压纸器压力的诸多方面后，发现原因在于压纸油缸内下阀芯里的压力弹簧因用久疲劳折断了一节，致使压纸油缸的工作性能满足不了产品裁切时应施加的压力要求，更换完好的弹簧后，裁切的质量达到了要求。

Chapter 1 is a preface to introduce the motives of this paper research methods scope restriction and frame Chapter 2 will fist introduce the concept of database and then discuss the necessity of database protection in the creating methods and with or without originality This chapter will put emphasis on the importance of originality to database Chapter 3 will observe the British America and Germany's viewpoint of originality to discuss their legislative mode of database legal protection Chapter will introduce EU Directive/96/9/EC of database protection and four judges of EU Court after the Directive takes effect in 2004 to find how the ECJ use the Directive Then according to the DG Internal Market and Service Working Pater and BEUC's evaluation of the Directive this paper will find whether there is positive reaction and influence in database market after EU member countries take the same legislations with the Directive Section 5 will introduce the legislation of British and Germany following the Directive and analyze the development and questions of the two countries' current legislation Chapter 5 will start with Americas case Feist v Jane Doe to understand the case's influence to American legal protection of databases and introduce the Parliament's proposal after the EU Directive Chapter 6 will introduce Japan legislation regarding legal protection of database works and discuss the goodness and badness through Japan academy and judicial viewpoint Chapter 7 will introduce Taiwan's legislation to find whether current law provides enough and adequate protection to databases and discuss whether there is a necessity of amendment At last this paper will try to provide some suggestions about our legislation Chapter 8 is the conclusion of this paper

第二章首先介绍资料库之概念，并以建置方式与是否具原创性区分方式探讨资料库法律保护之必要性，而因著眼原创性对於资料库法律保护之重要性，便於第三章以比较法独立观察英、美、德国对原创性之观点，以接续探讨三国对资料库所采取之立法途径。第四章部份介绍欧盟资料库保护指令之相关规定，并就指令公布后，欧盟法院於2004年接续作出四个关於资料库保护之判决加以介绍，以期寻求欧盟法院如何运用指令规范中之构成要件，而后并参考欧盟委员会工作小组及消费者组织报告对欧体资料库指令之评估文献，探究欧盟各国采取与指令相同立法后，在资料库市场上是否有正面的回应及影响，并於第五节针对英、德两国跟进欧盟资料库保护指令立法之介绍，并归纳、检讨英、德两国之现行法制之发展与所面临之问题。第五章延续第三章、第四章论述后，进入美国1991年Feist案后，美国法院对国内资料库保护之后续见解，探究1991年Feist案对美国资料库保护之影响程度，同时并述美国於欧体公布资料库指令后国会提出之资料库立法草案。第六章则针对日本新增资料库著作之立法模式加以介绍，并藉由日本学界、实务之见解探讨该立法模式之优缺点，再於第七章进入我国法制之介绍，以观察我国目前之法制是否提供资料库充分的保护，探讨资料库立法之必要性，最后尝试提出我国立法模式之建议。第八章则为总结之论述。

The second section:(1) A new kind of paper for LOM is developed by changing the prescriptions of hot molten glue, and properties of the new paper are as good as those of LOM paper from the U. S. A.(2) The testing methods and items for examining the properties of LOM raw materials are provided first of all.

第二部分：对LOM原型材料中的热熔胶进行了改性研究，开发成功了一种与美国进口LOM纸性能相接近的LOM纸，基本解决了LOM叠层材料国产化问题，并首次提出了LOM原型材料性能的测试指标和测试方法。

The paper introduces the principle and structure of new types of shower facilities in the press section of high speed paper machines abroad and its new technologies in clean production and water conservation in paper mill.

介绍了国外高速造纸机压榨部上的几种新型喷淋设备的原理与结构，及其应用在造纸工业清洁生产和节水方面的新技术。

The breakthroughs in methods are the following:(1) Rather than scrappily introducing the various techniques of TLG, this paper emphasizes the profound mechanism which functions from the introduction to the modification, and further to the perfection of these techniques;(2) This paper displays the main characteristics and original techniques of TLG by means of its comparison with other theories of language; Section Six illustrates the writing features and frame of this paper.

方法上的突破主要有两点：(1)本文并不是零散地介绍类型—逻辑语法的各种技术手段；而是重在揭示它们从提出、到改进、再到完善的深刻动因；(2)本文通过与其它语言理论相比较的方法来展现类型—逻辑语法的主要特色和创新之处；第六节说明了本文的写作特点和基本框架。

Therefore, a nation needs to establish a matured human rights protection mechanism as soon as possible to ensure that the emergency powers can protect its fellow citizen's fundermental rights fully and effectively when an energency situation occurred, without abusing the administrative discretion. This paper discusses how to protect citizen's basic rights and how to improve the protection system in China in the state of emergency. The paper is divided into four parts: The introduction section describes how natural and man-made instability factors frequently caused emergent situations in the world, and how the nations objectively infringed upon citizen's basic rights in response to the crises. Then it introduces the central theme of discussion in this paper.

文章共分为四个部分：引言部分介绍了由于自然的和人为的不安定因素的存在使得世界各国紧急事件频发，国家为应对危机行使紧急权，却又在客观上侵害了公民基本权利，进而引出本论文的中心议题；第一章阐述紧急状态下公民基本权利保障理念，涉及了紧急状态的含义和特征，正常状态下与紧急状态下公民基本权利的内容，紧急状态下公民基本权利保障的必要性及其特点；然后通过了解国外紧急状态法律制度的相关规定并结合学界在这方面的认识，阐述了紧急状态下保障公民基本权利应遵循的原则；第二章研究紧急状态下公民基本权利保障制度。

Twin-wire paper: Paper or board, made from two separate webs which are bought together while wet with their undersides, or wire sides at the centre, at the press section of the twin-wire paper machine.

夹网纸：两个湿纸卷的反面或网面，在夹网造纸机的压窄部相接，压合为一的纸或纸板。

I didn't watch TV last night, because it .

昨晚我没有看电视，因为电视机坏了。

Since this year, in a lot of villages of Beijing, TV of elevator liquid crystal was removed.

今年以来，在北京的很多小区里，电梯液晶电视被撤了下来。