查询词典 scale-formed

This paper presents an IFMC CAD model that consits of a geometry model and a material model, in which the geometry space acts as a base space and the material space acts as a bundle space. In this CAD model, the geometry model is based on the non-manifold model. In addition, a half-face data sturucture, which is derived from the half-edge data structure with the non-manifold feature of IFMC taken into account, is adopted to represent the geometry and topology information of the component. For the material model of IFMC, this paper focuses on the FGM component representation firstly and present a simplex-subdivision based CAD data exchange format, in which the material information is represented as a (n-1) simplex and material distributing feature is represented by the interpolation on the simplex-subdivision. Based on those, a part-building orientation optimization algorithm and an adaptive slicing algorithm for FGM component are presented in the paper. For the IFMC material model, the IFMC material information representation is divided into a meso-scale and a macro-scale representation. In the meso-scale, a concept named parameterized periodic functional meso-structure is presented as a unique form to represent the FGM (the homogeneous materials are regarded as a special FGM), the composite and the functional meso-structure material. The model of PMS is a three-tuple that contains the space state informatation, the material parameter and the material meso-scale distribution feature. The macro-scale material information representation is similar to the FGM components by interpolation of the control parameter of the periodical functional meso-structure based on the simplex-subdivision. Through an example of manufacturing-oriented IFMC CAD data processing, it is proved that the IFMC CAD model and the material information representation and process method proposed in this paper can provide a reliable data support for IFMC digital concurrent design and manufacturing.

本文将理想材料零件CAD模型建立在以几何空间为底空间、以材料空间为丛空间的结构上，使用非流形几何模型作为理想材料零件几何拓扑模型的基础，并在半边数据结构基础上，针对理想材料零件的非流形特征局限内部边界上的特点，给出了一个半面数据结构来表述零件的几何拓扑信息；对于理想材料零件的材料模型，本文先从功能梯度材料零件的信息表述与CAD数据交换和处理入手，将材料信息表述为（n-1）维单纯形，然后通过对三维几何区域的单纯剖分，以插值的方式表述零件材料分布特征；在此基础上，根据功能梯度材料零件分层制造中对CAD数据处理的要求，给出了综合考虑零件几何特征与材料特征的生长方向优化算法和自适应切片算法；而对于文中所定义的理想材料零件，本文将其材料信息表述分解到细观和宏观两个尺度进行，首先给出了细观尺度上参数化的周期性功能细结构概念，以此来统一表述功能梯度材料（单质材料作为特殊的功能梯度材料看待）、复合材料和功能细结构材料；把周期性功能细结构模型化为一个包含空间状态信息、材料构成参数和材料细观分布特征参数的三元组，以表达零件的细观材料特征；对于零件宏观的材料变化特征，则同样在几何区域单纯剖分的基础上，通过对细观尺度上周期性功能细结构控制参数的插值来完成；通过理想材料零件CAD数据处理的算例，验证了本文中理想材料零件CAD模型及材料信息表述与处理方法完全可以为理想材料零件的数字化制造提供可靠的数据支持。

This paper presents an IFMC CAD model that consits of a geometry model and a material model, in which the geometry space acts as a base space and the material space acts as a bundle space. In this CAD model, the geometry model is based on the non-manifold model. In addition, a half-face data sturucture, which is derived from the half-edge data structure with the non-manifold feature of IFMC taken into account, is adopted to represent the geometry and topology information of the component.For the material model of IFMC, this paper focuses on the FGM component representation firstly and present a simplex-subdivision based CAD data exchange format, in which the material information is represented as a (n-1) simplex and material .distributing feature is represented by the interpolation on the simplex-subdivision. Based on those, a part-building orientation optimization algorithm and an adaptive slicing algorithm for FGM component are presented in the paper.For the IFMC material model, the IFMC material information representation is divided into a meso-scale and a macro-scale representation. In the meso-scale, a concept named parameterized periodic functional meso-structure is presented as a unique form to represent the FGM (the homogeneous materials are regarded as a special FGM), the composite and the functional meso-structure material. The model of PMS is a three-tuple that contains the space stateinformatation, the material parameter and the material meso-scale distribution feature. The macro-scale material information representation is similar to the FGM components by interpolation of the control parameter of the periodical functional meso-structure based on the simplex-subdivision.Through an example of manufacturing-oriented IFMC CAD data processing, it is proved that the IFMC CAD model and the material information representation and process method proposed in this paper can provide a reliable data support for IFMC digital concurrent design and manufacturing.

本文将理想材料零件CAD模型建立在以几何空间为底空间、以材料空间为丛空间的结构上，使用非流形几何模型作为理想材料零件几何拓扑模型的基础，并在半边数据结构基础上，针对理想材料零件的非流形特征局限内部边界上的特点，给出了一个半面数据结构来表述零件的几何拓扑信息；对于理想材料零件的材料模型，本文先从功能梯度材料零件的信息表述与CAD数据交换和处理入手，将材料信息表述为(n-1)维单纯形，然后通过对三维几何区域的单纯剖分，以插值的方式表述零件材料分布特征；在此基础上，根据功能梯度材料零件分层制造中对CAD数据处理的要求，给出了综合考虑零件几何特征与材料特征的生长方向优化算法和自适应切片算法；而对于文中所定义的理想材料零件，本文将其材料信息表述分解到细观和宏观两个尺度进行，首先给出了细观尺度上参数化的周期性功能细结构概念，以此来统一表述功能梯度材料(单质材料作为特殊的功能梯度材料看待)、复合材料和功能细结构材料；把周期性功能细结构模型化为一个包含空间状态信息、材料构成参数和材料细观分布特征参数的三元组，以表达零件的细观材料特征；对于零件宏观的材料变化特征，则同样在几何区域单纯剖分的基础上，通过对细观尺度上周期性功能细结构控制参数的插值来完成；通过理想材料零件CAD数据处理的算例，验证了本文中理想材料零件CAD模型及材料信息表述与处理方法完全可以为理想材料零件的数字化制造提供可靠的数据支持。

Today, the most popular temperature scale includes Fahrenheit scale, Celsius scale, Thermodynamics Temperature Scale and International Practical Temperature Scale.

目前国际上用得较多的温标有华氏温标、摄氏温标、热力学温标和国际实用温标。

However, according to the analysis of the economy of scale and the diseconomy of scale based on the theory of the economy of scale, the diseconomy of scale will happen when an enterprise expand to a certain scale.

在本文中，笔者还对企业成长相关理论，诸如企业成长的生物特性、企业成长的目标理论、企业成长的战略理论、企业成长的结构组织理论及企业生命周期理论等进行了综述。

It solves the problem that the unitary contour presentation can not correctly extract face contour in a face image which suffers from scale, rotation etc. The definition of the internal and external energy function is provided. At the same time, the global matching algorithm and local matching algorithm is given. The experiment shows that this presentation and the accompanying matching algorithm can be used to extract the face contour very well. So the image segmentation can be implemented by using it.②By analyzing the recognition principle of PCA method, we can conclude that the face images coming from different surrounding consist of different face image space. This is the essential reason that makes the generality of PCA method worse. Also, we give a measurement means to measure the distance from different face image space, so we can analyze face image space more conveniently.③We also construct various scale models and rotation pose models to detect the scale and rotating angle of face image to be recognized. The experiment results show that the detecting precision is very high. So it is good for face image feature extraction and face image representation.④Similarly, we construct local feature models of face image and utilize them to detect the local feature of face image. At the same time, we put forward a novel face image local feature detection algorithm, locating step by step. The experiment results show that this method can accurately detect the location of local face feature in a image.⑤A novel face image presentation model, dual attribute graph , is put forward. Firstly, it utilizes attribute graph to present the face image, then exact the local principal component coefficient and Gabor transform coefficient of thc pixels which corresponds to the nodes of the graph as the attribute of the nodes. This representation fully makes use of the statistical characteristic of the local face feature and utilizes Gabor transform to present the topographical structure of face image. So DAG has more general property.⑥Based on the DAG presentation, we give a DAG matching function and matching algorithm. During the design of the function and algorithm, the noise factor, e. g., lighting, scale and rotation pose are considered and tried to be eliminated. So the algorithm can give more general property.⑦A general face image recognition system is implemented. The experiment show the system can get better recognition performance under the noise surrounding of lighting, scale and rotation pose.

本文在上述研究的基础上，取得了如下主要研究成果：①构造了一个通用的人脸轮廓模型表示，解决了由于人脸图象尺度、旋转等因素而使得仅用单一轮廓表示无法正确提取人脸轮廓的问题，并给出了模型内、外能函数的定义，同时给出了模型的全局与局部匹配算法，实验表明，使用这种表示形式以及匹配算法，能够较好地提取人脸图象的轮廓，可实际用于人脸图象的分割；②深入分析了PCA方法的识别机制，得出不同成象条件下的人脸图象构成不同的人脸图象空间的结论，同时指出这也是造成PCA方法通用性较差的本质原因，并给出了不同人脸空间距离的一种度量方法，使用该度量方法能够直观地对人脸图象空间进行分析；③构造了各种尺度模板、旋转姿势模板以用于探测待识人脸图象的尺度、旋转角度，实验结果表明，探测精确度很高，从而有利于人脸图象特征提取，以及图象的有效表示；④构造了人脸图象的各局部特征模板，用于人脸图象局部特征的探测；同时提出了一种新的人脸图象局部特征探测法---逐步求精定位法，实验结果表明，使用这种方法能够精确地得到人脸图象各局部特征的位置；⑤提出了一种新的人脸图象表示法---双属性图表示法；利用属性图来表示人脸图象，并提取图节点对应图象位置的局部主成分特征系数以及Gabor变换系数作为图节点的属性，这种表示方法充分利用了人脸图象的局部特征的统计特性，并且使用Gabor变换来反映人脸图象的拓扑结构，从而使得双属性图表示法具有较强的通用性；⑥在双属性图表示的基础上，给出双属性图匹配函数及匹配算法，在函数及算法设计过程中，考虑并解决了光照、尺度、旋转姿势变化等因素对人脸图象识别的影响，使得匹配算法具有较强的通用性；⑦设计并实现了一个通用的人脸图象识别系统，实验结果表明，该系统在图象光照、尺度、旋转姿势情况下，得到了较好的识别效果。

The iron and steel industry has the very strong economies of scale characteristic, however the scale of our Iron and steel enterprise is generally small, the majority has not achieved the economies of scale, large-scale and the extra large type Iron and steel enterprise relative smalls does not have the remarkable efficiency superiority, our country iron and steel industry does not have the remarkable economies of scale characteristic obviously.

钢铁工业是具有很强规模经济特征的行业，然而我国钢铁企业规模却普遍较小，大多数并未达到规模经济，大型和特大型的钢铁企业相对中小钢铁企业不存在显著的效率优势，可见我国钢铁工业并不存在显著的规模经济特征。

Using spectral decomposition of a matrix and multi-scale representation of spectral as well as multi-scale transform of a signal, a quasi multi-scale PCA method is proposed to analyze the reason why multi-scale detection method does well than single scale method.

基于矩阵的谱分解、信号的多尺度变换及谱的多尺度表示，提出一种拟多尺度主元分析方法，从机理上分析了多尺度检测方法优于传统单尺度检测方法的内在原因。

The major findings are:⑴During the intelligence test for the three groups of students, for half of the students or most of the students their scores on the all-including scale, the language scale and the performance scale all increased to various degrees;⑵From the analysis of the relationship between intelligence and reaction time, it is found that the result of this study confirms the existing views that there is a negative correlation between intelligence and reaction time, and the negative correlation is more evident when it is choice reaction time;⑶Different motor skills have different influences upon children with lower intelligence. Though the difference is not large, the average increasing percentages in the sample T tests for the three groups before and after the experiment show that the effect of open motor skill is the best, that of the synthetic motor skill or the open-closed is the better, and that there isn't a marked change in the closed motor skill trainees;⑷While analyzing the result of the experiment, it is found that the scores on the performance scale are higher than the scores on the language scale, especially in the open motor skill group, which tells us that the intelligence improving effect of physical training is realized to a greater extent through increasing their performance abililty.

研究结果显示：⑴相对于实验前测试结果，三个实验组学生的智力水平在实验后测试中不论是在全量表得分还是在语言量表、操作量表得分方面均得到了不同程度的提高；⑵从智力与反应时的相关分析可看出，本研究结果进一步验证了前人观点，即智力与反应时有显著的负相关，特别是与选择反应时有很强的负相关性；⑶不同运动技能对智力落后学生智力影响不同，虽然实验后各组间没有显著性差异，但经各组实验前后配对样本T检验及实验前后各项分数均值提高百分率可看出，开放式运动技能组实验效果最好，综合运动技能组次之，闭锁式运动技能组实验前后在智力测验量表得分上无显著性变化；⑷各组实验前后的操作量表分比言语量表分提高幅度更大，开放式运动技能组表现得尤其显著，这表明了体育活动对改善智力落后学生的智力水平，很大程度上是通过提高他们的操作能力来实现的。

The bench-scale equipment of numerical control simulates, the high-performance number electricity mold electricity bench-scale equipment, PLC programs laboratory bench, air operated PLC controls laboratory bench, the microcomputer control central air conditioning laboratory bench, the sensor engineering laboratory equipment; Automobile teaching equipment: PASSAT entire vehicle model, program control showing board, military cross-country vehicle teaching aid series, automobile driving analogous system; multimedia electricity-teaching room, multimedia language sound chamber, entire digital language sound chamber, language study system, teaching VCD series; machinery exhibition cabinet series, hydraulic transmission demonstration, electrical machinery electricity laboratory, project charting laboratory; the electrical machinery controls the laboratory bench, the electron bench-scale equipment, the electrician bench-scale equipment, counts the electricity, the mold electricity laboratory, the micro electricity connection laboratory, the electric power drives laboratory, the microcomputer test installation; central air-conditioning test installation, refrigeration system hot test installation, electrical appliances synthesis test installation; teaching wall map series, teaching blackboard series; The finance and accounting simulates laboratory, simulates the bank laboratory; medicine teaching model; transparent elevator laboratory bench, transparent electrical machinery model, transparent lathe engine bed; universities specialized laboratory bench, physics bench-scale equipment, chemical laboratory equipment, biology bench-scale equipment, middle school necessary instrument.....

数控模拟实验室设备，高性能数电模电实验室设备，PLC编程实验台、气动PLC控制实验台，微机控制中央空调实验台，传感器技术实验室设备；汽车教学设备：帕萨特整车模型、程控示教板，军用越野汽车教具系列，汽车驾驶模拟系统；多媒体电教室，多媒体语音室，全数字语音室，语言学习系统，教学VCD系列；机械陈列柜系列，液压传动演示台，电机电气实验室，工程制图实验室；电机控制实验台，电子实验室设备，电工实验室设备，数电、模电实验室，微电接口实验室，电力拖动实验室，微机实验设备；中央空调实验设备，制冷制热实验设备，家电综合实验设备，教学挂图系列，教学黑板系列；财会模拟实验室，模拟银行实验室；医学教学模型；透明电梯实验台，透明电机模型，透明车床机床；高校专业实验台，电工实训室，电气实训室，单片机实训室，自控原理实训室，电力电子实训室，自动检测与转换实训室，过程控制实训室，电机原理实训室，电机维修维护实训室，可编程序控制器实训室，机电设备安装实训室，机电设备拆装实训室，电气自动化技术教研室，机电一体化综合实训室，数控教学实训室，数控加工实训室，楼宇自动化实验室，自动化设备陈列室，电子测量实验室，液压与气动实验室，工业仿真模型实验室，机电设备故障诊断与维修实训室，物理实验室设备，化学实验室设备，生物实验室设备，中学配套仪器。。。。。

The bench-scale equipment of numerical control simulates, the high-performance number electricity mold electricity bench-scale equipment, PLC programs laboratory bench, air operated PLC controls laboratory bench, the microcomputer control central air conditioning laboratory bench, the sensor engineering laboratory equipment; Automobile teaching equipment: PASSAT entire vehicle model, program control showing board, military cross-country vehicle teaching aid series, automobile driving analogous system; multimedia electricity-teaching room, multimedia language sound chamber, entire digital language sound chamber, language study system, teaching VCD series; machinery exhibition cabinet series, hydraulic transmission demonstration, electrical machinery electricity laboratory, project charting laboratory; the electrical machinery controls the laboratory bench, the electron bench-scale equipment, the electrician bench-scale equipment, counts the electricity, the mold electricity laboratory, the micro electricity connection laboratory, the electric power drives laboratory, the microcomputer test installation; central air-conditioning test installation, refrigeration system hot test installation, electrical appliances synthesis test installation; teaching wall map series, teaching blackboard series; The finance and accounting simulates laboratory, simulates the bank laboratory; medicine teaching model; transparent elevator laboratory bench, transparent electrical machinery model, transparent lathe engine bed; universities specialized laboratory bench, physics bench-scale equipment, chemical laboratory equipment, biology bench-scale equipment, middle school necessary instrument.....

教学设备、教学仪器、教学模型、教育设备、数控模拟实验室设备、高性能数电模电实验室设备、 PLC编程实验台、气动PLC控制实验台、微机控制中央空调实验台、传感器技术实验室设备、汽车教学设备、帕萨特整车模型、程控示教板、军用越野汽车教具系列、汽车驾驶模拟系统；多媒体电教室、多媒体语音室、全数字语音室、语言学习系统、教学VCD系列、机械陈列柜系列、液压传动演示台、电机电气实验室、工程制图实验室、电机控制实验台、电子实验室设备、电工实验室设备、数电、模电实验室、微电接口实验室，电力拖动实验室、微机实验设备、中央空调实验设备、制冷制热实验设备、家电综合实验设备、教学挂图系列、教学黑板系列、财会模拟实验室、模拟银行实验室、医学教学模型、透明电梯实验台、透明电机模型、透明车床机床、高校专业实验台、电工实训室、电气实训室、单片机实训室、自控原理实训室、电力电子实训室、自动检测与转换实训室、过程控制实训室、电机原理实训室、电机维修维护实训室、可编程序控制器实训室、机电设备安装实训室、机电设备拆装实训室、电气自动化技术教研室、机电一体化实训室、数控教学实训室、数控加工实训室、楼宇自动化实验室、自动化设备陈列室、电子测量实验室、液压与气动实验室、工业仿真模型实验室、机电设备故障诊断与维修实训室、物理实验室设备、化学实验室设备、生物实验室设备、中学配套仪器。。。。。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。