查询词典 runoff

There were four treatments on the hillside: artificial forest with underbrush, artificial forest without underbrush, planting tea bush on contour terrace, barren on contour terrace. The runoff depth, runoff index, water loss, soil erosion and soil organic matter erosion to the 4 treatments during 4 rainfalls were determined by using the Runoff Collector.

试验设计了人工林下地表覆盖、人工林下地表裸露、等高梯田种植茶树和等高梯田裸地对照4个处理，采用自制的径流收集器分别测定了各处理4场降雨的径流深度、径流系数、水土流失量和侵蚀量等指标。

Considering the difference of runoff characteristics on different underlying surface in the area of plain tidal river network, four kinds of surface is divided,namely, waters paddy field-, dry land and central urbanized area,and suitable method is adopted separately in each surface to simulate runoff process. Xinanjiang Model usually applicable for mountain areas is introduced to river network area, furthermore, the paper researches runoff calculation of central urbanized area, the underlying surface is divided into pervious and imperviousness areas.In perviousness areas, Hoton Infiltration formula and corresponding spatial infiltration rate curve are used to establish the relationship between infiltration rate and soil moisture in order to decide the infiltration. According to practical situation.

根据平原河网区城市下垫面产汇流方式的不同，分成水面、水田、旱地、城镇四类，分别采用相对应的产流汇流计算方法，将适用于山丘区的新安江模型引入到平原河网区城市，同时对于城镇这类下垫面，从下渗角度考虑，划分成透水和不透水两种类型，根据霍顿下渗公式和下渗率空间分布曲线，建立下渗率和土壤含水量的关系，进而研制出城镇透水面的产流计算方法，城镇汇流根据实际情况可结合城市管道排水计算。

The experiment is began with the runoff quality on the diverse roofage and different grade roadway, the results are as follows:(1) The concentration of contamination is different with the diverse roofage, and SS value is also different with the style roof;(2) In the beginning , the concentration of COD value and SS value is higher ,but the runoff quality will be reduced to steady gradually along with the rainfall duration increase;(3) The city roadway runoff is worse than the roadway of university ,because the city roadway runoff involve vehicle n people and the sanitation and material of roadway;(4) Based on the analysis of rainwater quality , the paper provide the process of rainwater treatment for roof, roadway, and lawn.

对教学区内不同建筑物，及道路上的雨水径流水质进行监测，得出以下结论：(1)材料不同，径流雨水中污染物浓度不同，屋顶类型不同，径流雨水中SS浓度亦不同；(2)初期径流污染物浓度很高，随降雨历时的延长，COD和SS浓度逐渐下降并趋于稳定；(3)道路污染与路面材料、来往车辆、人员流动、路面卫生状况有关。市区道路相比校园内道路，水质较差；(4)对雨水水质分析基础上，分别对建筑屋顶、道路、绿地提出雨水利用的处理工艺。

According to the result of artificial rainfall, the character and factors affectedby soil, rainfall, chemicals, slope length, slope gradient and field mangment practices, for rainfall, runoff,infiltration, soil erosion and soil chemicals, such as NO_3~-, NH_4~+, PO_4~(3-), K~+ and Br~-, are investigated. Thedeterminate methods, influence factors and practical application of the mixing zone depth are also researched.The results can enrich the dynamics of soil, water and nutrient transport, evaluate the soil water and fertilizerefficiency, and theoretically benefit the research of agricultural NSP on loess hill slope. 1. According to the surface transport experiments of soil chemicals under the non-satuation soil and watererosion condiction, for adsorbed PO_4~(3-) and K~+, the time of sheet erosion and rill erosion initiation is coincidentthat of chemicals content in surface runoff climbs, and then their abundant export by surface runoff is urged.

本文以黄土坡地为研究对象，通过模拟降雨试验，研究土壤因素、降雨因素、化学物质理化性质、坡长坡度因素和农田管理措施等对坡地降雨—产流—入渗—土壤侵蚀—农田NO_3~-、NH_4~+、PO_4~(3-)、K~+和Br~-地表迁移的影响，研究非饱和土壤和水蚀条件下混合层深度的确定、影响因素和模拟，探讨其在黄土坡地的实际应用，为丰富坡地水分养分迁移动力学、提高旱地土壤水分养分利用率和深化农田非点源污染研究提供理论依据。

Referenced sub-drainage basins were selected in the upper reaches of the Madao main river way, and topographic parameters were obtained using software of River Tools in each sub-drainage. Monthly runoff simulations were then applied to them with the same parameters as Madao catchment, the responses of runoff simulation to topographic parameters were studied, and the Normalization of Runoff-total Length Index were presented. Analyses indicate that NRLI is influenced by source density. NRLI fluctuates tempestuously as source density decreases sharply.

在此基础上从马道出水站点沿主河道往上游再选取6个控制点，运用River Tools软件提取出各个控制点控制流域和地形参数，分析参数变化情况，并在此基础上用前面率定好的参数来模拟各个控制点处的出口流量，分析径流对地形参数变化的响应关系，并提出了归一化径流－河道总长比指数。

The wavelet variance verification also indicates that the first main period of the runoff of mountainous watershed in the Shiyang River Basin is 30years, and 22years and l5years are the second and third period respectively; 3 Then we also compared the total runoff of mountain watershed with climate factors of Wushaoling which station is in the mountain headstream area, such as precipitation and temperature, the data record that the correlation coefficient of annual runoff and precipitation variation over the upper reaches in the Shiyang River Basin is 0.61 ,which indicates precipitation is the main water recharge of the runoff.

石羊河流域出山口年径流的周期变化与乌鞘岭站年降水量和年均气温周期基本上都能在同一周期上下浮动，其中出山口年径流量与乌鞘岭山区年降水量相关系数为0.61，说明地表径流量主要是由山区降水补给；年径流量与山区年均气温变化呈0.28的反相关，说明该流域近50年来出山口径流与山区气温呈反比，即径流量随年均气温上升而减少，相关性暂时不十分明显。

This paper reviews the processes in glacier hydrological model in term of runoff generation model and runoff concentration model, analyzes the runoff generation mode from two most widely ablation model (the meteorological factors statistical model and the energy balance model), and enlarges on the runoff concentration model from three sub-models: the surface routing sub-model, the englacial hydrology sub-model and the sub-glacial hydrology sub-model.

从冰川产流和汇流两个水文物理过程出发，介绍了国内外冰川水文模型的研究进展，对目前应用最广的两类消融模型－基于气象因子的统计模型和基于物理机制的能量平衡模型进行了分析和讨论；从冰川表面、内部以及下部汇流3个方面阐述了冰川汇流模型所取得的成果。

G.E.Hubb root is from 0.20mm to 0.50mm, and 95% roots, diameter is thinner than 0.40mm. The total surface areas of roots is 10139.68cm^2, and the surface areas of roots is about 2 to 3 times to soil surface areas in the surface layer. Enlacing sod concretion to soil profile of Eulaliopsis binata G.E. Hubb root and the gigantic adsorption to soil grains of root surface are the mechanism why Eulaliopsis binata G.E. Hubb can reduce null and water loss significantly. The monitoring result from 2003 to 2004 indicates that, when the gradient is 12 degrees, the runoff rate of planting Eulaliopsis binata Retz. G.E. Hubb completely after changing slope land to ladder (PECC, so as the follows is only 49.90m^3/hm^2?yr. and the soil loss rate is 155.78kg/hm^2?yr, however, the runoff rate of fanning and being not change slope land to ladder is 314.29m^3/hm^2?yr that is 6.30 times to PECC ,and the soil loss rate is 3322.50 that is 21.33 times to PECC; When the gradient is 24 degrees, the runoff rate of planting eulaliopsis binata G.E, Hubb in the ridge and border slope land after changing slope land to ladder is 248.04m^3/hm^3?yr and the soil loss rate is 612.00kg/hm^3?yr. the runoff rate of PECC is only 42.44m^3/hm^2?yr and the soil loss rate is 153.75kg/hm^2?yr, however, the runoff rate of ENC reaches to 785.73m^3/hm62?yr that is 3.17 times to PERBC and 18.52 times to PECC, and the soil lose rate reaches to 37503m^3/hm^2 yr that is 61.33 times to PERBC and 244.12 times to PECC.

蓑草根系平均直径0.20~0.50mm， 95%的根系平均直径小于0.40mm，根系总表面积10139.68cm^2，在土壤表层根系表面积高达土体表面积的2~3倍，根系表面对土壤颗粒的巨大吸附作用是蓑草显著提高土壤抗侵蚀能力的另一个重要原因。2003~2004年的监测结果表明，在12度坡度情况下，坡改梯后净作蓑草年径流量仅49.90立方公尺/hm^2，年土壤流失量为155.78kg/hm^2，而未坡改梯且农作情况下，年径流量314.29立方公尺／hm^2为前者的6.30倍，年土壤流失量3322.50Kg/hm^2为前者的21.33倍；在24度坡度情况下，坡改梯后土埂及边坡种植蓑草、坡面农作年径流量248.04立方公尺/hm^2，年土壤流失量612.00kg/hm^2，坡改梯后净作蓑草径流量42.44立方公尺/hm^2，土坡流失量l53.75kg/hm^2，而未坡改梯且农作情况下年径流量高达785.73立方公尺/hm^2，分别为处理1的3.17倍，处理2的18.52倍，年土壤流失量高达37503kg/hm^2，分别为处理1的61.33倍，处理2的244.12倍。

The results show that a the variation of annual mean runoff of Huayuankou section exist an intrinsic dynamic mechanism, which is the results of joint action of affecting factor of periodicity and non-periodicity, having obvious chaos characteristic; b the correlation dimension of attractor of phase space is 5.09 and saturation inserted dimension is 14. It shows that to establish a mathematical model of the annual mean runoff system of Huayuankou at least requires 6 independent variables and the required saturation inserted dimension for rebuilding phase space is 14; c the steady estimate of Kolmogorov entropy is 0.14, showing the average predictable time of the annual mean runoff variation of Huayuankou is about 7 years and; d using nonlinear deterministic chaos model is more suitable to describe the variation of annual mean runoff of Huayuankou.

结果表明：①花园口年平均径流量变化存在着内在动力学机制，是由周期性和非周期性影响因子共同作用的结果，具有明显的混沌特性；②相空间吸引子的关联维为5.09，饱和嵌入维数为14，这说明要建立花园口年平均径流系统的数学模型，至少需要6个独立变量，重构相空间所需要的饱和嵌入维数为14；③Kolmogorov熵的稳定估计为0.14，说明花园口年平均径流量变化的平均可预报时间大约为7年；④用非线性确定性的混沌模型比完全的随机模型更适于描述黄河花园口年平均径流量的变化。

For Ili River and Irtysh River,because the river runoff are dominant by snow melt runoff,the impact of the glacier shrinkage and temperature rise would be limited with respect to the quantity of the river runoff,but significant on the annual distribution of the river runoff.

对于伊犁河与额尔齐斯河流域，未来冰川变化对水资源的影响在数量上可能有限，但会大大削弱冰川融水径流的调节功能。

The split between the two groups can hardly be papered over.

这两个团体间的分歧难以掩饰。

This approach not only encourages a greater number of responses, but minimizes the likelihood of stale groupthink.

这种做法不仅鼓励了更多的反应，而且减少跟风的可能性。