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First, UWPBL model(The University of Washington Planetary Boundary Layer Model) is used to retrieve typhoon's sea level pressure from sea surface winds data of SeaWinds which aboard on QuikSCAT and these strength results are analyzed. Then the variational method is applied to decompose the sea surface winds field into two parts: the vortex and irrotational environmental flow field, the UWPBL model is used again to retrieve ShanShan and YaGi typhoons' sea level pressure from the vortex flow field, the results of typhoon's central positions are analyzed by comparing the results with the results of direct retrieving, NCEP's data and typhoon annual reports. It turns out that the accuracy of the typhoon's sea level pressure central position has been obviously improved, This method offers a new idea for the study of typhoon from microwave scatterometer data.

本文首先利用QuikSCAT散射计获取的海面风场资料，利用华盛顿大学行星边界层模式对台风海平面气压场进行反演，并对其强度进行了分析；然后对获取的海面风场，采用变分方法对风场进行分解，分解出无旋和有旋风场，对分解出的有旋风场，再利用UWPBL模式对珊珊和魔羯台风的海平面气压场进行了反演，对所得结果与通常直接反演、NCEP海平面气压场及台风报文资料进行一一对比，结果表明：新的反演定位的方法对台风海平面气压场中心气压的定位精度有了大幅度的提高，此种定位的方法为散射计资料在台风中的实际应用开辟了一条新的思路。

According to the existence results of general equilibrium problems and vector equilibrium problems have been studied more and more. Inspired and motivated by these research results, this paper is devoted to study systematically a class of equilibrium problems, which is unify and extension of a large number of known equilibrium problems and variational inequalities problems. The research is carried on from three aspects.Firstly, in finitely continuous topological spaces, we introduce four new types of the system of generalized vector quasi-equilibrium problems, and we derive some existence results of a solution for the system of generalized vector quasi-equilibrium problems via the maximal element theorems in product finitely continuous topological spaces.Secondly, in complete metric spaces, we provide the Ekeland variational principle to equilibrium problems with set-valued maps. And via the Ekeland variational principle, existence results for vector equilibrium problem with set-valued maps and the system of vector equilibrium problem with set-valued maps.

针对一般的均衡问题和向量均衡问题解的存在性，已有许多研究成果，受这些成果的启发，本文主要从理论上较为系统地研究了一类均衡问题，它统一和推广了许多已有的均衡问题和变分不等式问题，研究分有三个方面；首先，在有限连续拓扑空间中，我们提出了四类广义向量拟均衡系，并借助于有限连续拓扑空间中的极大元定理讨论了这四类均衡系问题的解的存在性问题，然后，在完备度量空间中，我们给出了关于集值均衡问题的Ekeland变分原理，并利用Ekeland变分原理分别讨论了集值向量均衡问题和集值向量均衡系问题的解的存在性。

The results showed that the virus isolation and identification could generate considerably reliable results but the procedure was complicated and costed long time; microtomy fluorescent antibody detection was fast, but the specificity was low and needed to exclude the false positive from the results. Sandwich ELISA detection combined the merits of the former two methods, but it generated the false negative results when the samples were in bad preservation. Compared with the others, RT-PCR was fast, high sensitive and especially useful for detecting the CSFV directly from the samples. The specificity could be raised by using the nested-PCR to detect the CSFV from the simples, especially when the simples were in bad preservation.

结果显示，病毒分离鉴定法准确性较高，诊断比较容易，但存在试验步骤繁琐，所需时间长的缺点；荧光抗体检测法所需时间较短，但需要经验比较丰富人员来判定结果，且存在假阳性结果，特异性比较差；RT-PCR检测法具有快速、敏感等优点，特别是样品保存不理想时更有价值，利用套式PCR可以提高检测的特异性；夹心ELISA检测法具有快速、敏感等优点，但在样品保存不理想时会出现假阴性结果。

The main research work and its results are: 1Empirical results are analysed for the relations of fault displacement and earthquake magnitude, and difference between permanent ground deformation and maxium dynamic relative displacement on the two sides of fault; 2An analytic method is proposed for resopnse of a buried pipeline due to earthquake fault movement; 3A new shell model with an equivalent boundary and relted finite element analysis method are proposed for estimating response of a buried pipeline under large fault movement; 4By the proposed method, damage performance of water supply steel pipelines with large diameter is simulated to the real cases in Kocaeli Earthquake and Ji-Ji Earthquake, and simulating results show the real failure mode of pipes is revealed; 5Effects of overlying soil and soft/hard interlayers are analyzed on ground rupture mode and degree due to earthquake fault, and some earthquake rupture phenomena in soil layers are theoretically described for the first time; 6Pipeline response characters are discussed for the case of considering effects of soil layers on ground rupture mode; 7Research results and proposed method are applied in seismic analysis of pipline acrossing fault in the Gas Tansportation Project from West to East in China.

主要工作和成果包括：1）分析了不同断层位错形式下地表破裂位错量与震级之间的经验关系，并基于集集地震近断层记录分析了断层两侧永久地面变形和地震动相对位移幅值之间的差别，为合理地考虑地震断层位错地面变形动态影响提供了依据；2）发展了断层位错地面大变形下管线反应分析模型并给出物理概念明确、简单实用的解析分析方法；3）建立了断层位错下埋地管线反应分析的等效边界壳模型有限元方法，方法中引入了以非线性弹簧形式模拟离断层较远处管段影响的等效边界，简化了计算模型并突出了近断层处管体反应；4）利用等效边界壳模型方法，对土耳其地震和集集地震中大口径埋地管线震害进行了模拟，结果表明所提方法可以更清地解释震害所表现的管体破坏特征；5）研究了覆盖土层和软硬夹层的存在对断层位错地面破裂形式和程度的影响，首次从理论上解释了某些地震地表破裂现象；6）探讨了考虑土层对断层位错地面变形影响的管体反应特征；7）本项目成果已在西气东输工程的管道跨断层抗震问题分析中得到了应用。

The QPF results, before and after the mean-field bias adjustment using a multiplicative factor determined based on radar–rain gauge comparisons of the last hour, were compared using rain gauges. Results show that the QPF results after the adjustment were better than the QPF results before the adjustment.

用外推开始前1小时的雷达1小时累积降水和雨量计测值计算平均校准因子，对外推得到的雨量场进行校准后，可以明显提高外推1小时流域面雨量的精度，对外推2小时流域面雨量的精度也有所提高。

Calcium carbonate and soluble glass and so on were confected as alkaline antifouling agent. The Infrared Spectrometry results showed that 2275-2250 cm~(-1) diagnostic absorb wave crest in part A and 3390-3200 cm~(-1) in part B and 1730 cm~(-1) in coating film strongly proved polymers reacted just as the reacting mechanism, that means polysiloxane which offer low-surface-energy property linked Polyurethane system by —OH groups reacting with —NCO groups. Relative molar mass of part A and part B was determined by Gel Permeation Chromatography and the results were appropriate. Surface-energy was determined and results were between 33.6-47.17 mN/m and it increased when alkaline antifouling agent was put into the coating. Alkaline antifouling agent was releasing steadily when the coating film was dipped in seawater. As time gone, the pH value of seawater was increasing. Solubility parameter and results showed that there was no corrasive phenomenon between the polyethylene strand and the coating.

红外光谱分析结果表明，出现在A组分中的2275～2250cm~(-1)处的异氰酸酯特征吸收峰、B组分中的3390～3200cm~(-1)处硅羟基的特征吸收峰及出现在固化后涂膜中的1730cm~(-1)处氨基甲酸酯基团的特征吸收峰证明了涂料成膜物质交联固化符合本文的设计要求，即赋予涂膜低表面能特性的有机硅组分通过—OH基团与—NCO基团的反应已经链接到聚氨酯体系中；凝胶渗透色谱结果表明，成膜物质的A、B组分均为低分子量，符合预聚物的要求；涂膜表面能的测算结果表明，涂膜的表面能在33.6～47.17mN／m之间；加入碱式防污剂后涂膜的表面能略有升高；碱式防污剂的释放平稳，随着涂膜在海水中浸泡时间的增长，pH值有增加的趋势；用溶解度参数原则来评价涂料与网绳的涂装，结果表明，本试验研制的防污涂料对聚乙烯网绳无溶蚀作用。

Confirmatory factor analysis was deployed to study the 3~5 years old preschool children's structure of self control, and the results show that it consists of four dimensions: continence, persistence, consciousness and self imposed delay of gratification, the relations among them are isolative and correlative. According to the results, we designed two observing field experiments, and compared the results from experiments and questionnaire, it can be found that these two results with higher conherence, and it shows that the questionnaire has good reliability and validity.

本研究通过编制&幼儿自我控制能力发展教师评定问卷&，运用验证性因素分析的方法得出了3～5 岁幼儿自我控制能力的结构，通过具体的实验验证了问卷的效度，并进一步分析了儿童自我控制的年龄差异和性别差异，简单探讨了幼儿自我控制各个维度之间的关系。

By synthesizing theories of systems engineering, science of talent, talent assessment, performance appraisal and bibliometrics, the author analyzes the qualification structure and performance structure of theachers in military academies and sets up a basic structure and concrete appraisal indicator system of qualifications of technical specialty for teachers in colleges. The author puts forward new appraisal indicators such as "lecuring hours coefficient","republication coefficient","thesis of core journals coefficient" and "citation coefficient". Comparatively complete quantification approaches are invented by the author for working performance of teaching, researching and social service of teachers. Based on this, the author establishes an integrated method to generate the appraisal results. By the application of stadardized processing on the appraisal results and synthetization of weighted indexes, the author solves the addibility and comparability problems of differentiated appraisal results by category or dimensiok, and realizes the amalgamation and comprehensive appraisal of inflexible appraisalresults and flexible appraisal results, and probes into the testification methods of validity, consistency and sensitivity analysis for the indicators system.

综合运用系统工程理论、人才学理论、人才素质测评理论、工作绩效评估理论、文献计量学等原理与方法，分析研究了军校教师的素质结构和绩效结构；建立了高校教师专业技术资格评审条件基本结构和具体评价指标体系，提出了&完成主讲课程课时系数&、&著作重版系数&、&核心期刊论文系数&、&论文被检索引用系数&等若干新的评价指标；提出了比较完整的教师的教学、科研、社会服务等工作业绩的量化方法；以此为基础，建立了评价结果的综合方法，通过对评价结果的标准化处理，运用指标加权综合法，解决了不同类别、不同量纲指标的评价结果的可加性和可比较性问题，实现了硬评价结果和软评价结果的融合和综合评价；探讨了指标体系有效性、一致性、灵敏度分析的检验方法。

The third, since the electrons in the plasma are accelerated and ions move together, some harmful effects are also observed, such as both output powers of RBWO and FEL decrease versus the increase of plasma density. The results agree with the results of linear fluid model. In the unmagnetized plasma-loaded RBWO-FEL, output powers of pump source and FEL are obtained only in a narrow plasma density range and both have maximum. The results of simulation are in good agreement with the experimental results.

模拟分析了磁化等离子体填充的RBWO-FEL，尽管没有发现等离子体填充后RBWO及FEL输出功率的成倍增长，但是观察到等离子体的引入对RBWO-FEL产生以下影响：泵波及FEL的辐射频率的线宽得到明显增加；在较高的等离子体密度下，TM〓模将会被完全抑制；首次观察到T-G模振荡及功率输出，结果同线性理论计算结果基本一致；等离子体中的电子被加速及背景离子的移动将对器件工作产生不利影响。

The results show that:(1) lower concentration or lower initial pH of citrate solution results in a better desorption efficiency;(2) sparging inert gas or adding surfactants into the liquid can lower the viscosity of the solution and the cavitating threshold, and raise the desorption efficiency of SO2;(3) by comparing the experimental results and theoretical analyses , it was concluded that the experimental results are in accordance with the theoretical analyses.

结果表明：(1)在柠檬酸钠浓度较低，或者柠檬酸钠溶液初始pH值较低的条件下均能产生较好的解吸效果；(2)少量惰性气体的通入或者表面活性剂的加入能够降低溶液黏度，产生空化效应，从而提高了SO2的解吸率；(3)通过对比实验证明解吸结果与理论分析相吻合，其研究结果为SO2的深度解吸提供了技术思路，也为该项技术的工业放大提供了一定的基础数据。

In the negative and interrogative forms, of course, this is identical to the non-emphatic forms.

。但是，在否定句或疑问句里，这种带有"do"的方法表达的效果却没有什么强调的意思。

Go down on one's knees;kneel down

屈膝跪下。。。下跪祈祷